Chamberlinian Spatial Computable General Equilibrium Modelling: A Theoretical Framework

In this paper, a multi-regional multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium model is developed by bringing together different strands of theoretical reasoning. These are as follows: input–output analysis, gravity modelling, the theory of intra-industry trade and the theory of general equilibrium under conditions of monopolistic competition. The innovation in this approach is the assumption that, within each sector, a large number of different brands of output are produced. Households like diversity of consumption and diversity of inputs is a productive factor for firms. The number of brands produced in each sector and region is endogenous. A certain amount of fixed costs per brand imposes an upper bound on the number of available brands. Factor markets are perfectly competitive, while monopolistic competition prevails on goods markets. The equilibrium solution of the model closely resembles models which have been applied on an ad hoc basis in regional science before, but it is well founded in modern economic theory now. In particular, trade flows obey a gravity law in equilibrium.     

家族企业社会情感财富对品牌传承的影响 ——基于坦洋工夫红茶的多案例研究

传承和发展是传统品牌面临的主要问题,目前多数百年品牌是以家族企业的组织形式存在,然而家族企业对品牌传承的影响机理却尚未明晰。本文通过对福建坦洋工夫红茶行业的多案例研究,揭示家族企业影响品牌传承的原因和过程。研究发现,家族企业品牌顺利传承的关键在于技艺的顺利流传,而影响技艺流传的根源来自社会情感财富的存在,即社会情感财富通过技艺中介影响品牌传承。进一步地,将泛家族企业组织形式纳入研究范围后,结论依旧稳健。最后,本文总结出（泛）家族企业品牌传承的路径——从社会情感财富到技艺流传。本文的研究丰富并发展了家族企业品牌传承的理论研究,并对保护和传承传统品牌提供了理论指导和借鉴。     

Exploring individual predictors of variation in public awareness of expressive and instrumental nonprofit brands

Expressive and instrumental functions provide a way to classify activities that take place in the nonprofit sector. These functions also provide a way to better understand individual's philanthropic involvement with certain types of nonprofit organizations. Despite the usefulness of these classifications, only a few studies have explored demographic, social, and ideological differences in individuals' philanthropic involvement along expressive and instrumental dimensions; and, no studies have explored differences in public awareness of nonprofits along these dimensions. Such awareness, though, could likely be an important precursor to an individual's philanthropic involvement. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore whether variables known to be associated with variation in philanthropic involvement are also associated with variation in awareness of, what we categorize as, expressive and instrumental nonprofit brands. Using data from a survey of public awareness of, and attitudes toward, nonprofit organizations in San Diego County (n = 1002), our findings show that individuals are more aware of instrumental nonprofit brands than they are of expressive nonprofit brands. However, there are important individual differences to consider. We discuss the theoretical relevance of our findings and offer several practical recommendations for nonprofit administrators.     

消费者国货意识对国外品牌产品购买意向的影响机制——兼论消费者—品牌情感的调节效应

文章基于消费者—品牌情感的新视角细致考察了消费者国货意识不同维度与外国产品品牌购买意向之间的内在机制.通过对418个有效样本的实证分析发现:其一,消费者国货意识对外国品牌产品购买意向具有显著的负向影响,而基于危机感的国货意识比基于自豪感的国货意识具有更强的负向影响;其二,消费者—品牌情感的两个不同维度对消费者国货意识与外国品牌产品购买意向之间的关系具有显著的调节作用,且不同维度对两者关系的调节方向恰好相反.该研究结论为现存研究争议提出了一种消费者—品牌情感视角下的理论辩护.最后,文章基于研究结论提出了企业进行国际营销时的管理建议.     

基于产业集群的福建区域品牌建设初探

产业集群的迅速发展对区域经济起了积极的推动作用,而区域品牌的建设有利于更好地促进产业集群的发展,但是当前在区域品牌的建设中仍存在种种的问题与缺陷。文中结合对福建省区域品牌建设的现状和存在问题的分析,对区域品牌的建设展开初步的探讨。     

The Reality of Brands:

A bstract he ontology of marketing, particularly the question of what products and brands are, is still largely unexplored. The ontological status of brands hinges on their relationship with products. Idealists about brands see perceptual or cognitive acts of consumers grouped under the heading brand awarencess' or 'brand image' as constitutive for the existence of brands so that, in their view, tools of the marketing mix can influence relevant mental dispositions and attitudes. Brand realists, on the other hand reject the view of brands as mere marks or names and interpret them as emergent products with properties that afford branding in the sense of Gibson's ecological psychology. Brand strength is a function of the degree to which brands occupy defensible niches in product space. Branding as a process involves changing external or internal boundaries of products. Several arguments are proposed in favor of brand realism. The fragments of an ontology of marketing are developed in a broadly Aristotelian framework. Brand realism has significant implications for a new understanding of issues ranging from the effects of advertising to financial brand valuation, the nature of trademarks, and marketing strategy in general. It permits one to treat brand equity as a real phenomenon not dependent on associations, attitudinal states such as brand loyalty, or spurious constructs such as brand character or personality.     

论卷烟品牌定向整合执行力文化建设的重要性

卷烟品牌定向整合执行力是企业执行力文化的一部分内容,是维护定向整合品牌内外在品质的"金刚罩"。执行力文化的魅力就在于能透过无形中的渗透力和感染力,影响企业全体员工的行为,创造共同信念,引导执行者向一致的目标努力。当前,卷烟品牌输入方在执行力管理方面存在诸多问题,需要以企业文化为切入点,营造一种卷烟品牌定向整合执行力的文化氛围,严抓加工精度,着力提高定向整合品牌的同质化。     

品牌社群对品牌延伸评价的影响

国内目前为止几乎没有将品牌社群与品牌延伸领域相结合的研究文章。本文在这两个领域中,选择了既有很强理论价值又有被品牌企业十分看重的品牌社群认同度、感知契合度和品牌延伸评价三个概念,通过对来自互动娱乐行业品牌社群的社群成员样本进行基于结构方程模型的数据分析,探讨了品牌社群认同度对品牌延伸评价的作用机理。研究结果证实了研究假设：品牌社群认同度对品牌延伸评价有正向作用,并且通过感知契合度这个中介变量对品牌延伸评价有间接的正向影响。这个结论不仅为品牌社群作用的机理理论提供了较为有效的补充,还为品牌企业建设、培育品牌社群、发展延伸品牌提供了较为有力的指导。     

Brand Management and Strategies Against Counterfeits

In this paper, I provide a theory for brand‐protection strategies to reduce counterfeiting under weak intellectual property rights. My theoretical framework has general implications for endogenous sunk cost investments as a means of deterring counterfeiters. My model incorporates two layers of asymmetric information that counterfeits can incur: counterfeiters fooling consumers and buyers of counterfeits fooling other consumers. Brands have a number of tools at their disposal to maintain a separating equilibrium in the face of counterfeits. One of the theoretical predictions of this study is that counterfeit entry induces incumbent brands to introduce new products. This helps to explain the innovation strategies that authentic firms employ in response to entry by counterfeiters in practice. Authentic prices rise if and only if the counterfeit quality is lower than a threshold level. In addition, the model demonstrates how authentic producers could invest in self‐enforcement to increase counterfeiters' incentives to separate themselves from brands. Better channel management through company stores and other costly devices are forms of nonprice signals and complement a company's own enforcements against counterfeits. These predictions are validated using unique panel data collected from Chinese shoe companies covering the years 1993–2004. Data further reveal that companies with worse relationships with the government invest more in various self‐enforcement strategies, which are effective in reducing counterfeit sales, and that the set of strategies are complements rather than substitutes for each other.     

中国自主品牌制造业的品牌升级路径

创建全球性品牌是中国企业参与国际竞争的关键成功要素，是中国众多企业未来必须的战略任务。文章分析了中国自主品牌制造企业创建国际知名品牌的策略选择。指出中国制造业在实施品牌升级战略时，必须对竞争对手的实．力、市场结构特征有充分的认识，对企业本身的比较优势与竞争优势以及劣势有透彻的分析，并在此基础上制定出切实可行的发展战略。     

奢侈品品牌社群对品牌延伸评价的影响研究

国内目前为止几乎没有将品牌社群与品牌延伸领域相结合的研究文章。本文分别从这2个领域中选择了既有很强理论价值又是品牌企业十分看重的品牌社群认同度、品牌社群参与度和品牌延伸评价三个潜变量,通过对来自汽车行业某奢侈品品牌社群的社群成员样本进行基于结构方程模型的数据分析,探讨了品牌社群认同度和参与度对品牌延伸评价的作用机理。研究结果证实了研究假设：品牌社群认同度对品牌延伸评价有正向作用,并且通过品牌社群参与度这个中介变量对品牌延伸评价有间接的正向影响。这个结论不仅为品牌社群作用的机理理论提供了较为有效的补充,还为奢侈品品牌企业建设、培育品牌社群和发展延伸品牌提供了较为有力的指导。     

我国乳业品牌危机管理的现状及对策探析

2008年9月,国内多个乳品品牌接连出现产品质量问题,使消费者对乳业品牌的信任度和忠诚度严重下降,乳业面临着严重的品牌危机困境,加强品牌危机管理已经成为乳品企业管理中的重要一环。文章主要分析了我国乳业品牌危机现状,并提出加强乳业品牌危机管理的相应对策,希望对国内乳业的发展起到一定的指导作用。     

The influence of organizational context on the managerial turnover–performance relationship

This study performs a comprehensive examination of organizational context in the relationship between managerial turnover and organizational performance. Using theoretical frameworks of human and social capital, we focus on the moderating roles of entity size, employment system, industry brand, and location. To test our hypotheses, we worked with the company records of a multinational fashion retail group with more than 4,000 stores grouped into eight different brands and 100,000 employees in more than 31 countries. To estimate the causal contextual effects of the relationship between voluntary managerial turnover and organizational performance, we designed a quasi-experiment using propensity score matching analysis. Our results show that the dysfunctional side of managerial turnover is significant for stores that are large, for stores managed under a primary employment system, for brands operating with higher levels of service orientation, and for countries with more restrictive employment protection legislation. We discuss the implications of these findings for practice and for future research.     

品牌战略：新房地产时代发展的必由之路

随着中国房地产市场由供不应求向供求平衡转变,房地产行业也将会不可避免地进入品牌时代,但目前中国房地产品牌创建还处在滞后的阶段,一些不利于地产品牌建设的认识还在大行其道,究竞该如何建设房地产品牌已经成为业界所面临的一个紧迫问题。因此,有必要对此作进一步的深入研究。     

Architecting Brands

ABSTRACT

Brand architecture may be understood in reference to an integrated approach of a firm directed towards the design and management of its brand portfolio. Broadly, brand architecture is concerned with the pedigree of brands of a firm, role of specific brands and the relationship between sub-brands. In particular, brand architecture may be considered as the way a company organizes, manages, and markets their brands. Different business strategies require different brand architectures. The paper discusses the relevance of hierarchy of brands, and the role of brand audit to manage the brand portfolio of a firm. The discussion in the paper also delineates the steps involved in architecting a brand in a firm from the managerial perspective.     

The effect of entrant brand's ownership on national brands' positioning strategies

National brand manufacturers face the threat of new product entry from not only their traditional competitors (other national brand manufacturers) but also from their own customers (the retailer). We compare how national brands can limit the loss due to entry of these two types of entrants by positioning of their brands. Our results show that national brands position farther from one another when the new entrant is a store brand than when the entrant is another national brand. We also find that due to different positioning strategies of these two types of entrant brands—the entrant store brand positioning “in‐between” incumbent national brands whereas the entrant national brand positioning “away” from incumbent national brands—incumbent national brands may lose more from the entry of a weaker store brand than from the entry of a stronger national brand. Finally, we find that taking into consideration both pricing and product positioning decisions, consumer and social welfare are generally higher from store brand entry than from national brand entry.     

Why should firms manufacture retailer brands?

For firms manufacturing convenience goods there are three branding policies available, a proprietory brand policy, a retailer brand policy and a mixed brand policy. A firm's choice depends on differences in demand and promotion costs between the proprietory and retailer brand markets. This can be analysed using a simple elaboration of the standard 3rd degree price discrimination model. But if the two markets are not independent over the long-term there may be other consequences of following the optimization rules of the model. If retailers develop consumers' preference for their own shops and their own brands, the demand advantage enjoyed by manufacturers' brands may be reduced further. The more willing are manufacturers to supply retailer brands, the more retailers win undermine the demand for manufacturers' proprietory brands.     

本土品牌“土气”形象成因及时新策略

尽管本土企业希望建立时尚的品牌身份,但由于在国家形象、企业形象、产品形象等品牌形象三维度的"土气"表现,消费者仍然认为本土品牌普遍"土气"。本土品牌要想摆脱"土气",可以采用声誉品牌战略,改变负面的原产地形象;重视长期品牌建设,而不是仅仅关注短期销量的提升;应摒弃简单的模仿,持续进行营销创新。     

系统理论视角下的品牌生态商业模型构建

品牌生态商业系统是由环境、品牌、企业、供应商、顾客、相关组织与群体等成员组成的复杂系统,是社会商业生态系统的核心组成部分。本文借鉴系统理论,探讨品牌生态商业模型的构建理论基础,指出品牌生态商业系统应具备完整性、多层次性、差异性和循环性等特征;同时,对生态商业系统的开放性进行了研究,给出了完整的生态商业模型———动态开放具有自我调节功能的多层次系统,期望对生态商业模型的建立提供理论参考。     

汽车品牌的跨文化翻译策略研究

打入中国市场的汽车品牌需要一个合适的译名,笔者将针对国外汽车品牌的中文译名翻译策略进行简要的探讨,论述国外汽车品牌成功开拓市场中的跨文化交际、翻译策略的重要性。