会计-税收差异、操纵性应计利润与盈余管理

本文利用2007年中国上市公司的经验数据,实证检验了会计-税收差异与主流的Jones模型估计出的操纵性应计利润在识别公司盈余管理行为上的能力。经过研究,我们发现,与国外大多数文献的研究成果一致,会计-税收差异能够识别上市公司盈余管理行为,而主流的Jones模型在利用中国上市公司财务数据探测盈余管理行为时则存在严重的系统性偏误,会计-税收差异较之主流的Jones模型在识别上市公司盈余管理行为上能提供增量信息。     

会计—税收差异能够影响审计收费吗?——基于盈余管理与税收规避的视角

会计—税收差异是一个蕴含丰富信息的财务指标,在一定程度上体现了企业盈余管理和税收规避风险。以2010—2012年度中国A股非金融类上市公司为研究样本进行研究发现,审计费用与会计—税收差异呈正相关关系;进一步研究发现,审计费用与小额会计—税收差异的关系变得不显著,审计费用与大额会计—税收差异仍呈显著的正相关关系;同时,大额正向与大额负向会计—税收差异均表现出更高的审计风险,这说明审计师在制定收费政策时考虑了会计—税收差异信息。最后,为了解释这种相关性产生的原因,发现相对于企业税收规避,审计师更加关注会计—税收差异包含的盈余管理信息。     

会计-税收差异对盈余持续性的影响研究

从会计-税收差异的角度,研究了盈余及其组成部分的持续性和市场计价。详细阐述了应计会计、盈余管理和税收庇护的基本定义及其相互关系,从盈余持续性的界定和分析框架、会计-税收差异对盈余持续性的影响两个方面重点阐述了会计-税收差异和盈余持续性,同时还分析了盈余持续性与股票计价,为进一步研究会计-税收差异影响盈余持续性提供了理论基础。     

会计-税收差异对盈余持续性的影响研究

从会计-税收差异的角度,研究了盈余及其组成部分的持续性和市场计价.详细阐述了应计会计、盈余管理和税收庇护的基本定义及其相互关系,从盈余持续性的界定和分析框架、会计-税收差异对盈余持续性的影响两个方面重点阐述了会计-税收差异和盈余持续性,同时还分析了盈余持续性与股票计价,为进一步研究会计-税收差异影响盈余持续性提供了理论基础.     

对适合我国上市公司研究的会计——税收差异计量方法探讨

会计——税收差异的计量是从会计——税收差异角度研究盈余质量和从税收监管角度研究税收庇护活动对企业纳税影响的共同难题。借鉴西方国家会计——税收差异的计量方法,结合我国企业所得税的核算和披露制度,本文认为,以财务报告数据为基础的计量方法比较适合我国目前的上市公司研究。     

金字塔结构与会计盈余可靠性——来自中国民营上市公司的经验证据

以2006~2008年中国民营上市公司为研究样本,研究了金字塔结构对民营上市公司会计盈余可靠性的影响。研究发现,实际控制人的现金流量权与上市公司盈余可靠性呈U型关系;在控制了现金流量权后,实际控制人的控制权越低,即两权分离程度越低,则上市公司会计盈余可靠性越高;上市公司被占用的资金越大,上市公司的盈余可靠性越低。     

机构投资者持股与会计盈余宣告的信息含量

本文以我国2001—2004年机构投资者持股的上市公司为样本，从机构投资者对上市公司信息利用状况的视角出发，分析了机构投资者持股与会计盈余宣告信息含量的关系，研究结果发现：机构投资者能够相对较早地解读会计盈余信息，其持股比例越高，盈余宣告后的市场反应越小．会计盈余宣告的信息含量越低。在会计盈余宣告前，机构投资者的持股比例高低与市场的累计超额回报正相关；而在盈余宣告后，机构投资者待股公司的市场累计超额回报出现反转。     

会计利润与应税所得的差异及其影响因素研究

我国的会计准则与税收法规经过改革和国际协调,二者之间的关系逐渐倾向与分离模式,这也会造成财务报告披露的会计利润与纳税申报的应税所得之间必然存在着差异。这种差异为企业盈余管理和避税提供了空间,导致许多企业存在利润和所得税巨大差异的现象。因此正确认识和处理会计利润与应税所得之间的差异,成为一个令业界瞩目的问题。     

盈余管理对股票未来收益的影响研究——基于应计盈余管理与真实盈余管理的分类视角

论文基于盈余管理的最新分类——真实盈余管理与应计盈余管理,选用我国沪深两市2007～2013年的上市公司为研究样本,实证检验了盈余管理对股票未来收益的影响,结果发现应计盈余管理对股票未来一到三年的收益影响虽显著为负,但程度均较小,而真实盈余管理则会严重降低股票未来一到三年的收益,损害投资者的利益.     

盈余管理与所得税支付：基于会计利润与应税所得之间差异的研究

公司在进行盈余管理时,往往面临着财务报告成本与税务成本的权衡。为了摆脱该困境,公司有动机通过操纵非应税项目损益,以规避盈余管理的所得税成本。本文通过考察会计利润与应税所得差异(Book-Tax Differences)和盈余管理之间的关系,证实了该假设。我们的研究表明,上市公司盈余管理幅度越大,则会计利润与应税所得差异(本文定义为非应税项目损益)也越高,即上市公司通过操纵非应税项目损益,以规避盈余管理的税负成本。我们的研究进一步发现,上市公司通过非应税项目损益规避盈余管理税负成本的行为主要发生在高税率组别,而享受所得税优惠的公司则没有呈现出该特征。另外,我们的研究还发现,上市公司主要通过操纵长期应计项目规避所得税负。但我们的研究也表明,上市公司通过非应税项目损益规避的盈余管理税负成本较为有限,平均每1元操纵利润中,只有1．8分的操纵利润可以规避所得税成本,这或许表明进行盈余管理的公司为了避免引起资本市场或税务当局的怀疑,而为其大部分利润操纵支付了所得税成本。此外,本文研究还发现,高税率公司存在强烈的通过非应税掼益项目规避所得税的动机。我们的样本公司中,平均而言,所得税税率每增加1个百分点,操纵非应税项目损益占资产的比例将增加0．029％;适用33％税率的公司与适用15％优惠税率的公司相比,为此所规避的所得税成本平均高达330万元。     

Earnings Persistence and Stock Market Reactions to the Different Information in Book-Tax Differences: Evidence from China

Prior studies document that book-tax differences (BTDs) reflect divergent reporting rules for book and tax purposes, and contain information about earnings management and tax planning. In this paper, we investigate whether the regulatory and opportunistic information impounded in BTDs differentially influences earnings persistence and the earnings–returns relation. Using BTD data from China, we separate BTDs into normal BTDs (NBTDs) and abnormal BTDs (ABTDs). NBTDs are more likely driven by regulatory differences between accounting and tax rules and ABTDs are more likely driven by earnings and tax management activities. We find that firms with large positive and negative ABTDs (NBTDs) exhibit less earnings persistence compared to firms with small ABTDs (NBTDs). However, the level of earnings persistence for large unsigned ABTD firms is significantly lower than it is for large unsigned NBTD firms. While large unsigned NBTDs appear to enhance the earnings–returns relation, we find no evidence that large unsigned ABTDs affect the earnings–returns relation. Overall, the results suggest that the differing components of BTDs have differential implications for earnings quality. Additional tests show that ABTDs and NBTDs can provide incremental information about earnings persistence beyond the information in discretionary accruals and total accruals, suggesting that the investigation of BTDs adds value to financial analysis.     

Directional Preferences, Information Processing, and Investors' Forecasts of Earnings

This paper investigates the effects of preferences on judgments in an investing context, where investors should be motivated to interpret information objectively, yet have clear preferences with respect to what the information they are evaluating conveys (i.e., a gain or a loss on their investment). The results of the experiment are consistent with theories of motivated reasoning that predict when and in what manner directional preferences affect how information is processed. Specifically, investors are motivated to agree unthinkingly with information that suggests they might make money on their investment, but disagree with information that suggests they might lose money. In disagreeing, long investors expect earnings to be relatively high and short investors expect earnings to be relatively low. These results have implications not only for understanding investor behavior, but also for understanding the biased behavior of market participants who face conflicts of interest, such as analysts, managers, and auditors, by providing direct evidence that such behavior can arise for purely psychological reasons.     

Sustained Earnings and Revenue Growth,Earnings Quality,and Earnings Response Coefficients

We show that firms reporting sustained increases in both earnings and revenues have (1) higher quality earnings and (2) larger earnings response coefficients (ERCs) in comparison to firms reporting sustained increases in earnings alone. With respect to earnings quality, firms with revenue-supported increases in earnings have more persistent earnings, exhibit less susceptibility to earnings management, and have higher future operating performance. With respect to response coefficients, firms with revenue-supported increases in earnings have both higher ERCs and lower book value response coefficients, consistent with the implications of the Ohlson (1995, Contemporary Accounting Research 12, 661–687) model.JEL Classification: G12, M41     

Book-Tax Differences and Inland Revenue Audit Adjustments in New Zealand

Abstract:  Using confidential data from US manufacturing firms' tax returns and Inland Revenue Service (IRS) audit adjustments, Mills (1998) tests, and finds support for, her hypothesis that IRS audit adjustments increase as the book-tax differences increase. We test Mills' hypothesis using confidential data obtained from the New Zealand Inland Revenue (hereafter Inland Revenue). Confidential data provide the key variable of interest, Inland Revenue's proposed audit adjustment, which is not available from public sources. These data provide the exact audit adjustment amounts, eliminating measurement errors inherent in proxy variables, and enable a temporal alignment of the book-tax differences with the Inland Revenue audit adjustments, thereby enhancing the internal validity of the relation between book-tax differences and Inland Revenue audit adjustments. Because the results of our study using New Zealand data, another time period, a more diverse set of firms, and a different institutional environment are consistent with those of Mills, we argue for the generalizability of Mills' hypothesis that proposed audit adjustments are positively related to the excess of book income over taxable income.     

盈余管理方式与审计师风险感知研究

以2009~2013年沪深两市 A 股上市公司为样本,研究应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理对审计师风险感知的影响,研究结论表明,审计师既能感知到应计盈余管理行为带来的风险,同时还能感知到真实盈余管理行为的风险,并会从审计意见类型和审计费用两个方面采取风险应对措施。相较于有限责任制会计师事务所,特殊普通合伙制会计师事务所的审计师对盈余管理行为的风险感知更敏感。     

Performance, Growth and Earnings Management

We study the relationship between the amount of managed earnings and firms’ earnings performance and expected growth in a reporting model, where managers manipulate earnings to influence the valuation of firms’ equity while bearing a cost that is increasing and convex in the amount of managed earnings. In the unique revealing equilibrium to the model, firms with higher performance and growth over-report earnings by a larger amount because price responsiveness increases with earnings performance and growth. And earnings quality, defined as the proportion of true economic earnings in total reported earnings, increases with earnings performance but decreases with earnings growth. We conduct empirical tests on a large sample and a restatement sample using different proxies for earnings management. Results from the large sample tests support our predictions while results from the restatement sample tests are mixed. Our study provides an alternative explanation to the positive relationship between discretionary accruals estimated from the Jones model and firms’ performance and growth.     

Distress Risk,Growth and Earnings Quality

We extend and complement prior work by investigating the earnings quality of firms with different financial health characteristics and growth prospects. By using three alternative measures of default likelihood and two alternative measures of growth options, without being limited to a specific event, we provide a more comprehensive setup for analysing the earnings characteristics of the universe of firms than examining distressed firms with persistent losses, dividend reductions or bankruptcy‐filings. Our dataset consists of 15,049 healthy U.S. firms over the period 1990–2004. Results show that the relation between earnings quality and financial health is not monotonic. Distressed firms have a low level of earnings timeliness for bad news and a high level for good news, and manage earnings toward a positive target more frequently than healthy firms. On the other hand, healthy firms have a high level of earnings timeliness for bad news. Growth aspects play an important role in a firm's ability to manage earnings. In contrast to the findings of prior studies, growth firms have greater earnings timeliness for bad news, whereas value firms manage earnings toward a positive target more frequently than growth firms.     

Earnings Announcements,Differences of Opinion and Management Guidance

Berkman, Dimitrov, Jain, Koch, and Tice (2009) document a negative relationship between differences of opinion and earnings announcement returns, and this relationship is more pronounced when short‐sale constraints are likely to be high. These findings are interpreted as support for the theory in Miller (1977) that binding short sale constraints cause pessimists to be underrepresented in price formation. We conjecture that accounting information (i.e., earnings news) is likely to play a role in this returns pattern. After controlling for the level of earnings news, we find that the relationship between differences of opinion and stock returns is either eliminated or opposite from what is predicted by Miller's theory. Further, we present evidence that suggests the confounding effect of earnings news can be explained by (pessimistic) management earnings guidance. Our findings offer an alternative explanation for why low differences of opinion stocks earn greater abnormal returns around earnings announcements.     

信息可靠性、企业成长性与会计盈余持续性

本文以我国2001至2006年期间上市公司为研究对象,延续FWY和RSST的方法,考察信息可靠性和企业成长性对应计利润持续性较差现象的解释力。我们采用经营资产利润率与经营资产现金获取率的均方差计量信息可靠性。研究发现,企业成长性越好,信息失真值越高;会计扭曲越严重,应计利润的持续性越差;信息可靠性越高(低),会计盈余持续性越高(低);应计利润和现金收益整体对下一期的会计盈余预测能力越强(弱),会计盈余持续性检验模型的解释力越高(低);应计利润较现金收益的持续性差,且这种现象不因信息可靠性高或低而改变。