战后美国对外贸易政策的演变

在美国战后对外贸易政策变化中,以“互惠”理念为核心,始终贯穿着自由贸易和贸易保护主义之间的斗争,本文总结了战后美国对外贸易政策演变的阶段特征以及经济根源和理论背景。     

Swedish-Polish trade negotiations at the end of the second world war and their results

Abstract

Commercial relations between Sweden and Poland have been important for many centuries. This was perhaps particularly true at the end of the sixteenth century, when the Swedish king Sigismund was monarch of both Poland and Sweden, and again in the seventeenth century, when successful warmaking enabled Sweden to conquer northern Poland and exploit the wealthy Polish ports to finance a large part of the war costs. Much has come to light concerning the very important trade of this period. Such relations were reestablished during the twentieth century.     

Power and plenty: Trade,war and the world economy in the second millennium

Abstract

Under the Treaty of Vienna of 1864 Denmark lost the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg, and it was not until the peace treaty at the end of the First World War that the Danish areas of North Schleswig (South Jutland) were returned, after a referendum, to the realm. Fifty years after the re-union Miss Askgård has investigated the industrialisation of South Jutland. The resulting book, which illuminates a hitherto neglected aspect of the turbulent history of this border territory, is based on a winning entry for the Copenhagen University Geography Prize for 1967.     

The Equilibrium Rate of Unemployment in the Netherlands

The rise in unemployment in the 1970s and its subsequent persistence have challenged the conventional wisdom embodied in the standard Phillips curve, namely that equilibrium unemployment is fairly constant over time. This paper attempts to explain the apparent non-constancy of equilibrium unemployment by developing and estimating a structural model in which equilibrium unemployment is endogenous and results from the interactions of wage bargaining and the price and employment determination of firms. We find that the three major determinants of equilibrium unemployment are tax rates, the replacement rate and the real interest rate. The rise in unemployment in the 1970s and early 1980s was mainly due to a rise in the first two factors. That equilibrium unemployment remained high when tax rates and the replacement rate were reduced in the 1980s and early 1990s is attributed to the rise in real interest rates during this period.     

Unemployment Dynamics, and Propagation of Aggregate and Reallocation Shocks in the Netherlands

This paper models the propagation at the macro level of four types of shocks using the SVAR approach. Time series data for the Netherlands on job creation, job destruction, the number of vacancies and labour supply are used to identify aggregate demand and supply shocks, and reallocation demand and supply shocks as different sources of unemployment dynamics. Each of these four types of shocks appears to have at least some influence on unemployment both in the short and long run. The long run influence of the aggregate labour supply shock is estimated to be very limited. It indicates that additional labour supply is almost fully absorbed by labour demand in the long run.     

A new account of Swedish society since 1668

Abstract

To mark the 300th anniversary of the foundation of the Swedish central bank (Riksbanken) it was decided to publish a broad survey of the development of Swedish society during the period the bank had been operating. Kurt Samuelsson (formerly Reader in economic history, now in sociology) was commissioned to write it and given a free hand. He chose to emphasize the economic, social and powerpolitical aspects of developments, which means that in essentials his perspective is that of the economic historian.     

Russia and the world market in the seventeenth century

Abstract

At the end of the 16th century there were three principle routes linking the Russian market with Western Europe: an overland route through Poland, a sea route through the Baltic, and another sea route across the White Sea from the port of Archangel.     

Effects of the first world war on the engineering industries of Estonia and Finland

Abstract

At the turn of the last century, international political tension intensified and the Great Powers accelerated their armament efforts. Conflicts in the Balkans threatened, as early as in 1908, to lead the two blocs of European countries into a great war for which especially Russia would have been very poorly prepared. The economic crisis of the early 1900s had increased the technological backwardness of the eastern Empire's heavy industry and armament compared with those of the other Great Powers. Partly for this reason the Russian government considered it best to stay outside the Balkan conflict at this point and to concentrate on modernising its army's weaponry and speeding up the building of strategic railways and harbours in the western parts of the Empire. In 1908 the Imperial government acquired a domestic loan of 200 million rubles, followed by a foreign loan of 525 million rubles, to finance these armament efforts.     

United states and french competition in the world market

Conclusion The purpose of the study has been to examine whether the direction of international trade is governed by the doctrine of comparative cost. It is concluded that this doctrine does explain a significant percentage of the flow of trade between the two countries studied. There are additional factors, however, as listed in the introduction which also influence trade between nations.The inability to include non-labor costs such as material costs and selling costs in explaining the variations in the exports of France and the U.S., results from the paucity of data available in these areas in the national statistics of France. However, since the establishment of the O.E.C.D., additional data concerning industries have been made available in growing volume. Moreover, the O.E.C.D. has endeavored to harmonize the ways in which data from the European countries and the U.S. are collected. As comparable data become available, further research will be necessary to measure the importance of non-labor costs to total costs and their influence on export performance.A large section of the article has been adapted from the author's 1969 doctoral dissertation at the New School for Social Research.     

“走出去”几度空间——专访中国医药保健品有限公司总裁 张本智

对于中国企业来说，20年就意味着经历了中国改革开放的全过程，意味着从计划经济向市场经济的转变中做出了漂亮的转身，以适应国际化、市场化的要求。在这个过程中，走出国门，拥有更广泛的世界市场成为卓越企业的目标。当然，机遇和挑战永远是挛生兄弟，面对的不仅仅是光明的前景。     

Swedish shipping with the Netherlands in the second half of the eighteenth century

Abstract

In March 1792 the Amsterdams Galley of 90 lasts (ca. 180 metric tons), commanded by Captain Henrik Melle Feddes of Stockholm, left for Amsterdam. It carried 260 shippounds (à 136 kg) of bar iron, 900 barrels of tar, 240 barrels of pitch and 42 shippounds of alum. Five Stockholm merchants were responsible for the cargo, which was valued at 2,374 Swedish rix-dollars. The ship was registered as having arrived in Amsterdam on 6 July 1792. The Dutch customs officers determined its lastage as 126 gross and 82 net, but registered no further details about its cargo.     

Reformist programmes in the planning for post-war economic policy during world war ii

Abstract

Extract

The Great Depression of 1929–33 saw the beginnings of a revolution in the history of economic policy formation in the West. When at the outset of the depression, the ‘Old Economic Policy’ was still seen to be in operation, an ever-increasing resistance arose against the consequent unemployment and indeed against the very notion of the inevitability of depression. For the economic policy, this meant a support for an active fiscal policy, as against the almost complete dominance of monetary means. During the 1930s, however, support for the ‘New Economic Policy’ was not widespread, and most of the instances of its application remained incomplete. The most resolute use of the new economic policy was made in Sweden by the Social Democratic government from 1932. The new economics was also strongly advocated by the British Liberal Party, which, however, hardly had any influence. The best known example of all is that enshrined in the New Deal of the Roosevelt administration.     

Transport logistic services in Russia: Integration in the world market

This paper considers problems of increased foreign trade networks requiring faster growth of multimodal shipping and exact coordination of all points in the chain of freight delivery. Special attention is paid to rail and sea shipping integration in major directions of freight flows.     

探析我国二板市场的发展

资本市场的层次性是与企业发展的层次性和企业融资要求的层次性相关的.我国目前的主板股票市场构成了我国资本市场的主体,这与我国发展多元化的经济结构是不相称的,也不利于企业的发展.随着1998年全国政协1号提案的出台和1999年朱镕基总理对美国NASDAQ交易所的参观,我国二板市场的建设已逐渐纳入了正轨.