Service provision for street-based traders in Pietermaritzburg,KwaZulu-Natal: comparing local findings to lessons drawn from Africa and Asia

South Africa's informal economy absorbs approximately one-quarter of the labour force of 15 million people and is therefore the fastest growing sector of employment. Street-based trading constitutes a major subsector within the informal economy and is continuously expanding through unrelenting proliferation of survivalist micro-enterprises. However, few organisations that support enterprises are accessible or appropriate to survivalist and informal sector micro-enterprises. Interviews were conducted with 98 Pietermaritzburg street-based traders and ten KwaZulu-Natal service providers to determine service provision requirements. The results are compared with findings of four international studies. The findings suggest that for survivalist enterprises to benefit from entrepreneurial education and training services, obstacles with regard to South African traders' understanding of entrepreneurship and cultural limitations to enterprise growth should be overcome. Service institutions also require incentives to serve the informal sector, as well as the capacity to design and deliver appropriate services.     

SMME development in Johannesburg's Southern Metropolitan Local Council: An assessment

This article addresses the development, management and needs of small, micro‐ and medium enterprises (SMMEs) in Johannesburg's Southern Metropolitan Local Council (SMLC), with particular focus on business development by previously disadvantaged South Africans. The article comprises an introductory section on the small‐business sector in South Africa and internationally, as well as the results of a field survey of a sample of 841 SMMEs in the SMLC. Many of the respondents were located in areas like Soweto, Orange Farm, Eldorado Park and Lenasia. Given the areas’ poverty and a history of neglect, the bulk of respondents were small, micro‐ or survivalist enterprises. In part, the survey confirmed some generally held notions about small businesses. Among these were funding difficulties, a strong desire for business‐related training and serious informational problems. The study revealed a shortage of management skills and poor record‐keeping. At the same time, some evidence emerged of business potential, including high survival rates and a determination to succeed. Key recommendations include training programmes in such areas as record‐keeping, marketing, customer relations, inventory control and tendering procedures. Mechanisms are also suggested for facilitating access to finance.     

民营企业失控及可持续发展对策研究——以武汉城市圈为例

武汉城市圈民营企业在创业初期和成长期都存在失控的可能性。现代市场经济的要求与企业家管理知识不足等四大矛盾是构成武汉城市圈民营企业失控的主要矛盾。企业家拓宽知识面、摒弃功利观念、建立现代企业文化等是避免武汉城市圈民营企业失控和实现可持续发展的主要对策。     

Change in a Transitional Economy： The Private Entrepreneurs and Enterprises in China

This study examines some changes that have taken place among Chinese private entrepreneurs and enterprises. The study compares some results of a recent survey-a sample of five hundred small and medium-sized private enterprises in central China-with some former literature views about Chinese private enterprises in the west. The comparison consists of private entrepreneurs social origins, enterprises development, internal and external factors for a successful enterprises, marketing strategy, and influence of the government, Implications are also discussed.     

西部地区农民企业家培养对策研究

培养一批具有高素质农民企业家,是统筹城乡、建设社会主义新农村的必由之路。本文在对西部地区62位农民企业家创业成功的案例进行内容分析的基础上,一方面,提出从促使观念改变、科学规划培训内容、探索教育培训模武与方法创新等方面加强农民企业家教育与培训;男一方面,探讨通过搭建农民企业家联合发展平台、建立农民企业家协同创新（联合发展）机制等方法,鼓励农民企业协同创新或联合发展,发挥抱团成长效应,并提出,加强舆论引导,提高农民企业家社会地位及社会认可度等,为农民企业家成长创造良好的环境,为农民企业家的成长和培养提供参考与借鉴。     

科技中小型企业家成长因素研究——以安徽省科技中小型企业家为样本

基于对安徽省184家科技中小型企业家调查的数据,确定了科技中小型企业家成长的6个维度:个体特质、关系网络、成长环境、成长资源、创新合作和关系外拓能力,并以这六个因子作为解释变量,将企业家成长性作为被解释变量,进行多元回归分析,建立回归模型,进一步揭示了企业家成长机理.结果表明:在成长环境既定的情况下,企业家与高校科研机构的合作程度越高、获得的成长资源越丰富、具备的企业家个体特质越明显、与政府金融机构构建关系的能力越强,则企业家的成长性越强,反之则越弱.     

An empirical analysis of factors affecting the growth of small-scale poultry enterprises in KwaZulu-Natal

Small-scale commercial poultry enterprises are often promoted and used by the government and non-governmental organisations in development projects to generate income and to improve food self-sufficiency and alleviate malnutrition, as poultry is an excellent source of protein. This study shows that the majority of small-scale commercial poultry producers in KwaZulu-Natal come from previously disadvantaged communities and have significantly lower enterprise growth rates than larger poultry producers. The results of a block-recursive regression analysis of data gathered from a sample of 123 poultry farmers in the province indicate that enterprise growth rate is constrained by poor access to credit, high transaction costs and unreliable local markets. Government policies should focus on reducing transaction costs by improving education and physical infrastructure, sponsoring training and mentoring services for small-scale commercial poultry producers, and helping these emerging entrepreneurs to formalise the business institutions needed to manage co-owned resources and to market products collectively.     

浙江民营科技企业国际化影响因素分析——基于200家浙江民营科技企业的实证调查

文章在对200家浙江民营科技企业的实证调查的基础上,分析浙江民营科技企业国际化影响因素,发现浙江民营科技企业国际化的影响因素包括环境、企业、企业家三大方面,对浙江民营科技企业国际化都产生了显著影响。其中,企业家影响最大,其次为企业,最后为环境。环境、企业、企业家内部各因素对浙江民营科技企业国际化也产生了显著影响,但影响程度存在差异。应优化国际化经营的环境,培养企业自身国际竞争力,充分发挥企业家作用。     

企业家危机管理胜任力构成要素的探索性研究

企业在竞争激烈的生存环境中显得越来越脆弱,危机的发生频率和危害程度与日俱增.如何有效预测和控制企业危机的发展态势,减少和避免企业危机带来的损失,使得企业转危为安、转危为机,是竞争激烈的商业环境下对企业家综合素质的一个严峻考验.文章通过企业家危机管理胜任力相关文献的回顾,根据269个企业家群体的有效样本数据,利用SPSS17.0 andLISREL8.71对企业家危机管理胜任力构成要素进行提炼.基于结构方程模型二阶因子的实证研究得出,企业家危机管理胜任力是由企业家危机管理意识、危机管理人格、危机预控能力、危机应对能力和危机转化与利用能力五个要素构成.     

2011年度上海企业竞争力调查报告

2011年国内外经济形势复杂多变,年底经济增长放缓,部分企业尤其是小微企业困难加大。为了解上海企业竞争力现状及企业家对未来发展的信心,了解他们对企业经营外部环境的评价、对宏观经济政策的看法以及进一步加快经济转型的意见和建议,为政府和企业决策提供参考依据,2011年11月至12月,上海企业竞争力研究中心组织实施了2011上海企业竞争力调查并完成此报告。调查显示,在当前偏紧的环境下,企业综合经营状况比2010年有所下滑,企业家对宏观经济的信心有所减弱;不少企业表示要积极应对困难和挑战,采取有效措施推动企业在压力下成长。同时,企业期待政府重视实体经济在经济发展中的作用,营造有利于促进企业持续创新发展的外部环境。     

基于产业融合论的企业商业模式创新驱动机制研究

商业模式是企业竞争的最高形态,在企业发展中的作用日益凸显。随着市场竞争的加剧及产业数量的增加,各产业间的协同显得尤其重要。产业融合视角的商业模式创新是建立一种超越产业边界的有效整合和配置价值链上经营资源的驱动机制,企业商业模式创新受到技术推动、需求变化、产业竞争、战略匹配、知识积累、企业家支持等来自企业内外部的六大因素的驱动。其结果是旧的产业内的商业模式被打破,通过一系列的分拆整合,更高层次的产业融合式的商业模式诞生。     

企业家人力资本在美国公司治理中的地位及启示

20世纪90年代以来,学术界从企业家人力资本的角度研究企业治理,特别是现代公司治理问题已经成为公司治理理论发展的一个重要趋势。文章在定义企业家人力资本内涵的基础上,分析了美国企业家人力资本的形成,阐释了企业家人力资本在美国公司治理中的核心地位及其对我国公司治理改革的启示。     

企业家对中国企业国际化行为的影响：一个概念框架

响应Jones和Coviello的以多个理论为基础、构建综合性研究模型的呼吁,文章在相关文献综述的基础上,首先对企业家因素和国际化行为进行了整体构造,然后结合中国企业国际化实际,以战略管理理论、资源基础和国际化理论为基础,构架了一个综合的企业家对中国企业国际化影响的概念框架。该框架的基本内容是:企业家特点和行为共同影响中国企业国际化行为;中国企业国际化行为影响企业国际化绩效;企业国际化绩效反过来又影响企业家特点和企业家行为。     

成功的民营化：选择企业家和实现利益均衡

中国巨大的国有企业资源,需要动员各种有生力量来进行改制。经济转轨能否较快的完成,在很大程度上取决于是否存在足够的企业家人才,取决于这些企业家要素能否按一种合理方式与其它资源要素有机的结合起来。民营化中起决定作用的是识别企业家,这是其成功的关键。因此,我们需要把各种可能潜在的作为企业家的人力资源的能量发挥出来,使其成为转轨经济的重要推动力。单纯的依靠某一种力量往往是不够的或有局限的,成功的企业家天时、地利、人和,缺一不可。总之,要给来自于各种力量推动的民营化收购以一定的选择余地和发展空间,使各种各样的改制模式相互补充和相互竞争。     

Effects of gender on the performance of micro and small enterprises in Malawi

Women are increasingly venturing into ownership of micro and small enterprises, either on their own or in partnership with male entrepreneurs. Using national survey data from Malawi, this study compares the performance of enterprises owned by females with those owned by males. The results show that the relationship between gender and business performance is complex. While there are no significant differences in profit margins, female-owned enterprises tend to grow more rapidly in terms of employment than male-owned ones. Gender-based regression results also show that while there are common factors that affect the performance of both kinds of enterprise, there are also differential effects in which education is a critical factor for the success of female-owned enterprises.     

创业者社会身份认知与新创企业创新

创业是嵌入在社会结构中的经济活动,创业者社会认知如何影响其创业战略决策是研究者关注的焦点。本研究基于社会认同理论区分创业者达尔文主义、社群主义和传教士主义三种不同社会身份认知对新创企业战略决策的影响及作用机制。研究发现,达尔文主义身份认同感促进创业者为积累个人财富而选择不确定性较低的商业模式创新;社群主义身份认同感使创业者为提供真正造福社区的产品和服务而积极开展技术创新;而传教士主义身份认同感促进创业者开展一切提升社会价值的创新活动,包括技术创新与商业模式创新;且创新网络关系强度通过提供创新所需的资源与信息在上述关系中起正向调节作用。本研究借助社会认同理论,将创业者社会身份认同感进一步引入新创企业创新决策的驱动因素研究中,深化和拓展了创业者创新行为的理论分析框架。     

浅谈企业培训的设计与实施

文章简要论述了企业培训的理论研究和发展状况,对国内外的企业培训现状进行了分析,并针对企业的实际情况,对企业培训的内容、计划、实施方法进行了探讨.     

Ownership or Management Problems? A Case Study of Three Indonesian State Enterprises

Public enterprise managers will tend to behave as entrepreneurs, strive for efficiency and achieve profitability if they and the government ministry responsible for their supervision have compatible profit objectives. The adoption of such objectives by both parties will help to shift state enterprises away from political influence and towards a strictly market orientation. In contrast, managers will behave as government representatives and adopt a bureaucratic style of management if the government imposes sociopolitical goals on state enterprises. Agency costs (costs incurred in the relationship between principal and agent) increase as the parties become less cost conscious, and inefficiency tends to be the result. Too great an emphasis on socio-political rather than commercial goals may leave a country facing the problem of a ‘high-cost’ economy. These tendencies are indicated in this study of three Indonesian state enterprises.     

Microenterprise Lending to Female Entrepreneurs: Sacrificing Economic Growth for Poverty Alleviation?

This research compares the performance of female and male entrepreneurs in a microenterprise credit program in Guatemala. Previous research and field practice has suggested that targeting credit at female borrowers allows for greater increases in household welfare, but that male entrepreneurs may more aggressively expand enterprises when given access to credit. In this paper, we develop a model that shows that increases in value of home time during childbearing years for women may substantially account for gender differences in responses to credit access. Empirical results from Guatemalan survey data yield estimations consistent with the predictions from our model.     

民营企业的经营抉择:专业化或多元化

民营企业是专业化发展还是多元化经营,一直困扰着民营企业家。文章认为,目前中国的民营企业正在分化为两大趋势:一部分企业坚守岗位,深化自己产业的深度、纵度、精细化;另一部分企业则开始朝着多元化趋势发展。应根据企业规模、企业在本产业的发展潜力等具体情况,决定发展模式。