Community leadership: A comparison between asset-based community-led development (ABCD) and the traditional needs-based approach

A comparison study was undertaken between the asset-based community-led development (ABCD) approaches versus the traditional needs-based approach to community development relating to community leadership. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 24 community projects in South Africa for the study, of which 14 were sensitised to ABCD and 10 were not. The kind of community leadership developed in ABCD communities enabled communities to lead their own development by co-investing their own assets, and leveraging their assets with resources from external agencies. In comparison, although development took place, the leadership that emerged in the needs-oriented projects was more authoritarian in nature, and in some instances, seemed to establish a dependency on external agencies. Community leadership that contributes to projects that were more driven by community members complements the principles of appreciative leadership, which were more evident in ABCD-sensitised communities.     

Integrated Impact Assessment for Sustainable Development: A Case Study Approach

The realization of sustainable development requires the use of different disciplinary approaches to the impact assessment of development proposals, which can give a balanced consideration to the multidimensional nature of sustainable development targets. This need has led to a growing interest in the integration of different methods of appraisal and evaluation into impact assessment methodology and practice. This article contributes to the development of a useable methodology for conducting integrated impact assessment (sometimes called integrated appraisal) by using case study experiences of development proposals. Three case studies, each of which has significant economic, environmental and social dimensions, are examined to see how appraisal was carried out in practice. Their primary purpose is to clarify some of the approaches to integrated appraisal currently in use as a prelude to identifying ways in which practice may be strengthened in the future.     

基于生计资本路径的贫困地区生计策略研究——广西凤山县四个可持续生计项目村的调查

可持续生计方法是社会组织解决贫困问题的一种方法。文章以香港PCD投资扶持广西凤山县可持续生计发展项目为例,运用极差标准化、多元logistic回归分析等方法,以生计资本为基础单元,对农户的生计资本状况进行定量与定性分析,揭示了农户生计资本与生计策略之间的关系。结果表明:(1)项目村整体生计资本状况不充裕,由于有PCD项目农村小额信贷资金等方面的扶持,人力资本、金融资本相对富裕;(2)人力资本、金融资本更丰富的农户倾向于选择非务农的生计活动,而自然资本丰富的农户更多地愿意从事农业生产;(3)PCD项目推行以集约化、扩大化、移民、可持续发展等生计策略来推进项目村可持续扶贫的进程。     

可持续发展治理:概念、分析框架和模式

可持续发展是我国的发展目标之一,也是我国政府、学者、产业界关注的焦点之一。然而如何才能实现可持续发展呢?这需要进行科学的可持续发展治理。本文将对此进行初步探究。本文在介绍国际最新有关可持续发展治理的概念和理论,并分析欧盟、经济合作组织等国际组织可持续发展治理的研究和分析框架的基础上,提出我国的可持续发展治理模式,促进我国的可持续发展。     

Whose interests are at stake? Civil society and NGOs in South Africa

The democratic transition in 1994 necessitated the new government of South Africa to review critically most of its policies in order to achieve sustainable human development for all its citizens. Popular notions within current development thinking, such as civil society, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and people-centred development are integrated firmly in the revised policies. This article discusses how these notions appear in the housing and population White Papers. It is argued that civil society and NGOs appear as abstract concepts and as ‘black boxes’ in academic discussions and government policies. These abstract concepts foster assumptions of homogeneity and common interests among and within civil organisations and the people they claim to represent. To understand the complexities of interest representation, these abstract concepts need to come alive and the black boxes need to be opened. To this end, the authors present a theoretical framework and methodological tools for finding multiple interests among a variety of actors.     

旅游社区旅游业可持续发展障碍

旅游业的可持续发展呼唤从社区层面进行旅游目的地旅游的开发与管理。文章从社区层面上对旅游社区可持续发展的环境、聚居、经济及社会文化等方面的障碍因素进行了分析,认为旅游业可持续发展应建立在社区这一更宏观层面意义上,探讨旅游社区具有地格特色和本土文化意境的稀缺性资源,从整体上把握好旅游开发与社区建设的和谐共赢,实现旅游社区整体旅游形象设计与塑造,并确保旅游社区之间统筹与合作,方能实现旅游社区经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的整体优化和旅游业的可持续发展。     

Perspectives on corporate social responsibility as a route to citizen empowerment

The integration of corporate social responsibility in existing government-funded projects geared towards community upliftment is fundamental for the restoration of humanity. The study aims to untangle the intricacies by the citizens in imposing support from government-funded projects while significantly aiming to contribute towards policy considerations, enterprises, institutions and communities. The study was approached from a case study perspective. The lessons from the case study will be integrated and synthesised within the content analytical framework. The findings from the literature review demonstrated that citizen empowerment is a critical factor that could contribute to enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in the provision of goods and services. The study recommends that there is a need for a clear regulatory framework for corporate social responsibility in the public sector. This original article contributes to the body of knowledge within the development context and public policy.     

企业可持续发展的研究

文章对影响企业可持续发展的各个因素(财务、顾客、内部流程、员工学习与发展、生态环境及社会责任) 进行系统、综合性的分析,通过战略地图描绘这六因素之间的因果关系链,战略地图使得企业可持续发展战略能够进行有效地沟通,以便执行,然后介绍了六因素之间的平衡作用.最后提出一种综合评价方法来判断企业可持续发展的状况.     

South Africa's integrated environmental management policy at the crossroads of conservation and development

Sustainable development, as formulated in the 1980 World Conservation Strategy and subsequent elaborations, is being advocated in South Africa by the state through development of an integrated environmental management policy. This policy, however, does not adequately reflect the principles of sustainable development and therefore it cannot provide appropriate guidelines for the practice of integrated environmental management Accordingly, it may be said that South Africa has reached a crossroads in its quest for sustainable development.     

循环经济背景的静脉产业发展:模式转化抑或可持续

面对环境污染和资源短缺两大世界难题,可持续发展成为国际社会共同关注的焦点,循环经济作为实现可持续发展目标的路径也成为国内外学者研究的热点。现代循环经济发展模式是实现可持续发展目标的有效路径,静脉产业的发展使传统循环经济发展模式向现代循环经济发展模式转化成为可能。对传统循环经济发展模式和现代循环经济发展模式的比较研究表明,静脉产业的发展必将成为我国实现可持续发展目标的未来引擎。     

Community projects: The possibilities in South Africa

The increasing emphasis being accorded by development agents to community participation and involvement in projects highlights the need for a dear conceptual and operational framework if success is to be obtained given the high levels of alienation and suspicion which occur among many ‘communities’. The first part of this paper provides a brief review of community development theory and practice. The second part outlines the key concepts pertaining to community development, while in the last part (the focus of the paper) a strategy is offered for the introduction of community projects in South Africa. It is argued that until more control is devolved to representative and democratic communities the prospects for introducing community projects will be slight, particularly in the more politicized townships and urban environments.     

可持续发展治理：概念、分析框架和模式

可持续发展是我国的发展目标之一,也是我国政府、学者、产业界关注的焦点之一。然而如何才能实现可持续发展呢？文章在介绍国际最新有关可持续发展治理的概念和理论,并在分析欧盟、经济合作组织等国际组织可持续发展治理的研究和分析框架的基础上,提出我国可持续发展的治理模式,以促进我国的可持续发展。     

Local participation in transfrontier tourism: Case of Sengwe community in Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area,Zimbabwe

Transfrontier cross-border nature conservation has become a fashionable target in many parts of the world, including Southern Africa. Transfrontier conservation initiatives are considered to have great capacity for biodiversity conservation and sustainable tourism development by providing employment and revenue opportunities for poor people and communities. However, many previous studies have indicated that in spite of expectations and rhetoric there is often rather minimal community awareness and participation in conservation management, tourism economy and related opportunities. This study aims to discuss local people’s perceptions of community participation, opportunities and constraints in sustainable transfrontier tourism in south-eastern Lowveld, Zimbabwe. The results based on community interviews show that the people are aware of the potential role of tourism in improving livelihoods. The major challenge, however, is to address how this can be turned into concrete benefits for households and communities.     

水库移民社区旅游开发态度的实证研究——以山东省东平湖为例

文章认为水库旅游开发应充分发动当地社区积极参与,而东平湖水库移民社区作为返迁型移民社区,代表着移民的集体利益,决定着旅游扶贫战略在东平湖水库可持续实施的成功与否。因此,文章立足于田野调查,将移民放置于社区参与的理论框架中,获得了东平湖水库移民社区对旅游开发的群体性态度,相关启示对于指导该库区以及类似库区的旅游可持续发展有重要现实意义。     

Assessing social impact in the field of sustainable tourism development: Evidence from Cabo Delgado (MZ)

ABSTRACT

Assessing the social impact of tourism-related activities is of paramount importance to promoting sustainable development. The present study aimed to assess the social impact of a project in Cabo Delgado (MZ), designed to increase local community residents’ employability in the emerging tourism sector through the delivery of vocational training programmes, utilising a multi-phase and mixed-method design. The study comprised three different phases (before, during, and after the intervention) and took into account the perspective of a variety of stakeholders. Programmes were perceived to be effective by local operators in the tourism sector and trainees, as they enhanced their living conditions and increased their employability. International operators and tourists, however, had not yet perceived their effectiveness. This study offers a methodological framework for social impact assessment by performing a programme evaluation as an integral part of the intervention itself. This methodology can be extended to other non-tourism related contexts.     

Beyond community participation? Alternative routes to civil engagement and development in South Africa

Although community participation still enjoys a high level of support across various sectors in South Africa, its practice is fraught with conceptual and practical difficulties. This paper starts out by examining some of the problems and limitations associated with community participation, including the heterogeneity and fragmentation of many poor communities, the lack of social and material resources and community members' expectations of receiving a return from their involvement in development projects. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) or participatory learning and action (PLA) is used as an example to illustrate some of the conceptual and theoretical limitations that characterise most approaches to participatory development. In particular it is argued that approaches such as PRA/PLA lack the theoretical basis for effectively getting to grips with the problems of participatory development. What is needed is a conceptual framework not only to understand the responses of communities, but also to locate such communities within their socio-economic contexts. The second part of the paper therefore examines three developments in social science theory that may be able to contribute to the development of a richer conceptual framework for popular participation. These are the concept of social capital, the asset-based approach to development, and the debate around the role of the state in development.     

MNCs and Sustainable Business Practice: The Case of the Colombian and Peruvian Petroleum Industries

Multinational corporations (MNCs) play an increasingly important role in the economic development strategies of many less developed countries (LDCs). At the same time the sustainable development of LDCs requires economic growth to be accompanied by environmental protection and greater social equity. This paper contributes to the literature concerned with MNCs' contribution to the sustainable development of LDCs. The concept of sustainable business practice (SBP) is proposed as relevant to understanding MNCs' contribution, and an analytical framework incorporating the content, context, and process of SBP is used to examine what SBP might consist of, as well as those conditions important for its widespread adoption. Results from a study examining the Colombian and Peruvian petroleum industries show that despite important contributions by MNCs to sustainable development, SBP is not yet widespread. The study also shows the importance of external institutional pressures—principally in the form of local legislation—for MNCs' contribution to the sustainable development of LDCs. Finally the paper shows how the process of change toward more SBP is closely linked to the external context in which MNCs operate, the characteristics of their internal context, and the internal and external processes linking these contexts.     

基于系统理论的水资源统一管理范畴探讨

水资源可持续发展战略已经成为各国社会、经济和环境发展的共同准则。我国也提出新时期治水思路是水资源的可持续利用,而这一目标的实现,在一定程度上取决于水资源的统一管理及其管理体制。文章运用系统理论,从水资源系统的整体性、层次性、目的性、动态性和开放性、自然属性和社会属性等特性出发,分析了水资源统一管理的必要性,提出基于系统理论的水资源统一管理的管理范畴模型,并结合深圳市和重庆市水务一体化改革的经验进行了实践分析。     

喀斯特乡村旅游的社区参与与社区赋权

社区参与是喀斯特乡村旅游可持续发展的关键,社区参与的目的就要实现社区赋权。文章在对喀斯特乡村旅游及其社区参与、社区及社区参与的理论内涵进行分析的基础上,提出喀斯特乡村旅游的社区参与关键是要从经济、政治、心理和社会四个纬度上实现对喀斯特社区的赋权。     

中原城市群区域旅游合作开发研究

区域旅游整合开发是现代旅游业发展的必然趋势。全面整合旅游资源,联合开发出一个特色鲜明、文化深厚、可游性强的区域性旅游圈,对中原城市群提高区域旅游竞争力,实现旅游经济健康发展具有重要意义。文章在分析中原城市群旅游开发现状的基础上,提出了对该区域旅游合作开发的建议。