内生性通胀与外生性通胀理论——兼议凯恩斯经济学的衰落与复兴

凯恩斯经济学派的衰落源于一个长期无法解决的问题,这就是通货膨胀无法与宏观经济实现顺周期的问题.人类最理想的宏观经济情形就是菲利普斯曲线所描述的那样:经济繁荣时有通胀无失业,经济萧条时有失业无通胀,但"滞涨"打破了这一局面,现实经济与菲利普斯曲线的偏离导致凯恩斯宏观调控政策的失灵以及凯恩斯学派的衰落.本文提出了内生性通胀和外生性通胀的概念,其中内生性通胀完全是与宏观经济顺周期的,可以通过财政政策解决,而外生性通胀则与经济周期无关,需要用产业政策和货币政策有针对性地解决.本文还计算出了内生性通胀与经济增长之间的计量关系,这一中国新凯恩斯主义通胀理论的提出可以让凯恩斯经济学实现重新复兴.     

附加预期的菲利普斯曲线评析

菲尔普斯在承认传统的菲利普斯曲线短期存在的情况下在价格和工资粘性假设、自然失业率假说和适应性预期或理性预期假设的基础上对附加预期菲利普斯曲线做了更深入的研究．提出长期菲利普斯曲线存在的形式，这一成果弥补了传统菲利普斯曲线时间上的限制，改变了人们长期以来对通货膨胀和失业之间关系的传统认识，加深了人们对经济政策对经济的长期影响与短期影响关系的理解。     

我国失业与通货膨胀关系的实证分析

菲利普斯曲线在宏观经济领域是一个被视为经典理论,它说明了失业和通货膨胀相互替代关系.2006年诺贝尔经济学奖得主埃德蒙·费尔普斯对菲利普斯曲线进行了修正,提出了附加预期的菲利普斯曲线.本文利用我国90年至05年的相关数据对这两个曲线进行了实证检验,得出了我国失业与通胀负相关关系并不显著的结论,并对此进行了初步的解释,提出了政策建议.     

基于中国国情对菲利普斯曲线的实证研究

中国的宏观经济是否可以运用西方菲利普斯曲线进行研究,国内学者观点不一.本文采用中国1979年到2014年之间的失业率和通货膨胀率数据来拟合原始、附加预期的、附加预期以及自然失业率的菲利普斯曲线,对我国的宏观经济数据进行实证分析与研究,验证西方菲利普斯曲线在中国是否适用.     

就业悖论及形成原因分析

西方近代就业理论中,菲利普斯曲线因较贴近现实经济生活、政策指导性强而被普遍认同。该曲线表明宏观经济的二大指数失业与通货膨胀率即货币工资增长率之间呈此消彼长的反方向变动关系。认为:当失业率较高时,应采取扩张的财政和货币政策,以通货膨胀率换取失业率的下降;而当通货膨胀率较高时,应采取收缩的财政或货币政策,以控制通货膨胀,但必然带来失业率的上升。在横坐标为失业率,纵坐标为货币工资增长率的数理模型中,菲利     

从宏观政策的动态不一致性说开来--谈政府信用与固定规则

一、从短期总供给曲线到菲利普斯曲线 政策的动态不一致性与通胀和自然产出率、或者是自然失业率彼此的交替关系有关。这就是著名的菲利普斯曲线，它是从短期总供给曲线推导出来的。短期总供给曲线：YF=YN α(P—P^e)，现在我们由此推导菲利普斯曲线。     

中国经济转轨时期的菲利普斯曲线

本文尝试用长期菲利普斯曲线的环形曲线模型来解释我国经济体制转轨以来的菲利普斯曲线的变动情况。探讨我国菲利普斯曲线变动的原因,分析我国菲利普斯曲线的变动与经济周期的关系。对今后一段内我国菲利普斯曲线的变动趋势作出预测,进而提出适宜的宏观经济政策思路。当然,由于众所周知的原因,我国的失业率被公认为低于真实的失业水平,但这并不影响菲利普斯曲线的总趋势。     

中国通货膨胀的变动特征——一组基于CPI的宏观经济变量统计分析

CPI(居民消费价格指数)作为通货膨胀的测度指标,透过其可以分析宏观经济运行和经济管理中的问题。本文运用基本的统计分析方法研究发现,中国的通货膨胀率受到货币供应量的影响,货币政策对通货膨胀的影响存在6-8个月的时滞效应;中国经济的快速增长也是形成通货膨胀的原因之一;居民的收入和消费水平对通货膨胀也存在影响作用;中国的通货膨胀率和失业率之间关系呈现出一定的菲利普斯曲线特征,这些特征在不同的历史阶段表现不同。     

菲利普斯曲线:理论与模型的动态演变与评论

菲利普斯曲线提供了把失业与通货膨胀关联起来的方程式,填补了凯恩斯理论中的通货膨胀缺口,成为凯恩斯宏观经济模型的重要组成部分。在预期方式的不同、价格调整的方法不同、货币经济等约束条件下,菲利普斯曲线产生了不同的模型形式,具体可以划分为传统的菲利普斯曲线、后顾菲利普斯曲线和新菲利普斯曲线三个阶段,并且每个阶段在不同的假设条件下又包含几种不同的曲线形式。这些形式是对原始的菲利普斯曲线模型的补充和发展,丰富了菲利普斯曲线模型,加强了模型对实际的解释能力和理论基础。同时需要注意的是,建立在西方经济假设条件下的菲利普斯曲线,在中国二元经济条件下的应用,则要做修正和补充。     

宏观经济政策的考量:通胀与失业孰轻孰重——基于菲利普斯曲线的分析

本文立足于宏观经济理论中一个重要的经验工具:菲利普斯曲线曲线,既定量又定性的分析了通胀率和失业率的内在关系。我们摒弃了单纯讨论通胀和失业谁更重要这样一个片面的论题,而去尝试发掘两者的内在关系,期望能做到统筹兼顾地、全面地分析宏观经济现象。本文一共分为两个部分。第一部分:我们回顾了新凯恩斯主义的框架,并以此为基础构建了模型I,对中国的实证数据进行了实证的研究,发现在长期中公众对于前向和后向参照具有均等分配的参考,而在短期中公众对于当前政策较为敏感。第二部分:我们从定性的角度构建了模型II,将短期的三种菲利普斯曲线结合,构造了描述长期菲利普斯曲线的环形菲利普斯曲线,并且以此对我国数据做了检验和预测,发现短期基本与中国实际相符合。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.