The Reform of China＇s Rural Land System

This paper discusses the reform of China‘s rural land system in the past more than 20 years. It reviews the course of China‘s rural land system reform since 1978 and the enormous contribution that the household contract responsibility system made to China‘s agricultural and rural development. Then it summarizes the current situation and existing problems in China‘s rural land system. Finally, it offers some policy suggestions on how to perfect the rural land system.     

Financial Development, Economic Growth and Adaptive Efficiency： A Comparison between China and Pakistan

The strong economic growth in China is difficult to reconcile with its inefficient financial system. The puzzle of China＇s financial development and growth can be explained through a dynamic criterion of adaptive efficiency, rather than through allocative efficiency. Using the framework of an autoregressive distributed lag model, the present paper tests the hypothesis that the GDP growth rate is dependent on financial development along with other variables in China and Pakistan. The hypothesis cannot be rejected in both cases. However, the results show that economic growth has a negative relationship with credit to the private sector in China. We conclude that financial development is a source of China＇s high growth rate and that the banking system is still under an evolutionary process, involving the pursuit of social objectives instead of the sole objective of profit maximization. Our results provide some implications for other developing countries like Pakistan.     

Local ＂Land Finance＂ in China＇s Urban Expansion： Challenges and Solutions

This paper considers the issue of local ＂land finance＇＂ in the context of China ＂s fast urban expansion. In an analysis of China ＂s land requisition and public leasing system we argue that low-cost land acquisition is the fundamental cause of land-related distortions that have occurred during China ＂s urbanization. Granting farmers the power to negotiate directly with land users during urban expansion, combined with coordinated land tax reforms to consolidate local tax bases is the key to China achieving both equity and land use efficiency in urban expansion.     

The necessity and countermeasures of developing China＇s Land Bank Investment Trusts

The problem of Land Bank financing channels＇ being single has become the obstacle that restricts the development of China＇s land bank financing market. In this paper, we discussed the necessity of developing Land Bank Investment Trusts, and considering at presented, the obstacles and countermeasures of the development of China＇s Land Bank Investment Trusts.     

China＇s Construction Land Expansion and Economic Growth： A Capital-output Ratio Based Analysis

Since 2003, the Chinese Government has included land policy as an important component of macroeconomic policy. The present paper analyzes the impact of the expansion of construction land on economic growth in terms of the capital-output ratio. Using provincial panel data for China from 1999to 2005, we conclude that the excess expansion of China＇s construction land led to an increase in the capital-output ratio. Therefore, expanding construction land has made little contribution to economic growth. This paper argues that contractionary land policy does not deter high economic growth, and is a necessary condition for sustainable economic growth.     

Payment for Environmental Services： The Sloping Land Conversion Program in Ningxia Autonomous Region of China

China＇s Sloping Land Conversion Program has been implemented since 2002. It aims to achieve goals of ecological recovery and poverty alleviation, by retiring steeply sloping land from crop production and freeing surplus agricultural labor for off-farm activities. Given the huge investment that has been poured into it, and its ecological and social impacts, this government-initiated program has attracted significant academic attention and triggered a flood of debate. Since 2004, the debate has concentrated on the sustainability of the program. Although targets have been overachieved in some provinces, concern has still emerged regarding the livelihood of farmers after subsidies stop. The present paper analyzes the implementation of the Sloping Land Conversion Program in Ningxia Autonomous Region, with a focus on the required social capital for sustained participation o f farmers and the development of off-farm economic activities.     

Taizhou Model： Institutional Innovation and the Development of Private Economy

Based on the case of Taizhou City in Zhejiang Province, the present paper investigates the mechanism of the interaction between the local government and private enterprise in the process of regional economic development. We identify the ＂Taizhou Model＂ as a model of institutional innovation and the development of private economy, which is private sectorinduced and local government-promoted. Indeed, the impact of such mechanisms has had a significant influence on the reforms and development of China＇s economic system.     

Adjustment of Macro-economic Development Pattern on the Development of China＇s Agriculture

The paper argues that the development of China＇s agriculture is constrained by the industrial bias macro-economic development patterm The role of agricultural development in a dual economy is also studied. It is argued that a fundamental adjustment to the macro-economic development pattern is needed to balance industrial and agricultural development.     

Is Financial Development Another Source of Comparative Advantage？ Evidence from China

Using panel data for 29 provinces in China during 1990-2004, the present paper attempts to explore a possible link between financial development and China＇s foreign trade. Three measures of comparative advantage in manufactured goods have been applied in our study, including Balassa＇s revealed comparative advantage, the net manufactured export index, and the Michaely index. We also use four indicators of financial development to identify the different functions of regional financial development, and to determine both size and efficiency features of financial institutions. The estimation results suggest that besides factor endowments, foreign firms and infrastructure, financial development has a quantitatively large and robust effect on China ＇ s manufactured goods trade. Therefore, further reform of China＇s financial system should be encouraged to fully exploit the comparative advantage of China＇s foreign trade.     

The hazards and governance of China＇s state-owned monopoly enterprises

Monopoly was formed in the course of capitalism development, but it also exists in socialist countries now. China＇s state-owned monopoly enterprises have made adverse effect even a certain hazards in many aspects of the national economy, such as economic development, income distribution, consumers＇ rights and interests, international competition and exchanges. The reform of China＇s state-owned monopoly enterprises has been on the agenda, and it has become the focus of China＇s economic system reform.     

土地发展权移转的国际比较研究

土地发展权的应用依各国具体情况而不同，发展权移转是一种以市场为基础的新的土地使用管制工具，作为分区规划管制的补充，在世界各国已经得到越来越多的应用。我国可以利用土地发展权移转机制来保护耕地和农民集体土地所有权权益。     

农地制度变迁与农民土地权益保护——基于中国与匈牙利的比较分析

土地权益是农民最基本的经济权益,中国现代化进程高速发展背景下现行农地制度缺陷所带来的农民土地权益问题日益严峻.匈牙利历史上有过非常成功的土地改革成果,其在国家体制剧变之后的艰难探索更为我们提供了值得汲取的深刻教训.文章通过对中匈两国农地制度变迁的比较分析,吸取匈牙利土地变革的经验教训,总结出农民土地权益变更的一般规律,认识到制度安排对农民土地权益的影响,并积极探索我国土地制度的改革.     

农地产权认知状况与流转行为牵扯:湘省398户农户样本

农地产权制度是农地流转的制度前提,但农户对产权的认知会影响其农地流转行为尚缺乏经验证据支持。利用湖南省的样本数据采用统计分析方法和Logit回归模型分析发现,现阶段农户对农地产权的认知较薄弱,产权制度对农地流转的实际影响与这种认知状况有关,在控制多种农户特征后发现产权认知度对农地流转有显著的积极影响。因此,需要通过明晰农地产权、加强立法保障、加大产权宣传、设立产权交易机构等措施推动农地流转。     

异地有偿补充耕地——土地发展权交易的浙江模式及政策启示

浙江省为了克服现行耕地保护制度所存在的问题,进行了"异地补充耕地"的土地发展权交易改革。文章从制度起源、市场价格变动、市场特点和交易过程等方面分析了"异地补充耕地"市场的兴起、发展与绩效,提出这一制度创新有助于改进现行耕地保护制度的经济效率和新增耕地的整体质量,并建议在总结"异地补充耕地"制度的经验与教训基础上在全国范围内推广,并实行土地发展权的跨省转移与交易。     

农用地保护的长效路径研究

我国农用地的非农转让限制始终在此消彼长的平衡中艰难前进。现实中的农用地转用途径包括城市建设占用、农村产业化与工业化占用、小产权房和宅基地流转占用以及粗放利用。行政的、经济的、法律的、教育的保护手段没有达到预想的保护目标，有效的农用地保护途径是通过加强农业基础与应用技术转化、农业衍生产品研究、农业投资等，促使农用地和建设用地的收益比以及农用地与建设用地价格比落在一个合理的区间内，使农用地保护变成市场主体的自觉行为。     

城市“灰色用地”土地开发模式研究

文章首先分析了传统城市规划开发模式存在的弊端,进而提出在市场经济体制下,城市规划应该由传统的用地定性模式转换为一种能适应城市动态发展和市场经济体制的模式：城市灰色用地理念。在此基础上,文章通过对现行经典的几种土地开发模式和运行策略对比研究,最终指出城市灰色用地土地开发模式的策略。     

福建省农村土地流转与农民权利保护研究

《中共中央关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定》确定了"集体建设用地、宅基地和农用地使用权流转"的合法性[1],是农地制度创新的一种有效形式,但在农村土地流转中,存在着流转程序不规范、渠道不畅、农民的权益受损等诸多问题。本课题的研究主要从福建农村土地流转的时代背景出发,分析了土地流转过程中侵害农民权益的现象及原因,并就如何实现保障农民权利提出了相关的建议。     

农地流转参与主体与社会福利的关联度

我国经济的持续、快速发展和城镇化进程的加快推进,在很大程度上依靠农村集体土地转用为城市国有建设用地提供的资源支撑。然而,我国存在的农村与城市二元土地制度、国家垄断城市土地一级市场、农村集体土地产权制度的模糊等土地制度和政策缺陷,成为制约城市社会经济发展和城镇化、工业化进程的关键。在充分考虑集体建设用地入市流转的各参与主体利益及社会福利变化的基础上,应引入农村建设用地发展权的市场交易模式,建立和规范城乡统一建设用地市场,提高土地要素的流动和利用效率。     

建设新农村背景下农村土地产权制度创新研究

文章通过对农村现行土地产权制度的考察,分析了农村现行土地产权制度存在的"所有权残缺",以及由此带来的负面影响,探讨了以构建城乡统筹发展的体制机制为指导思想的完善农村土地制度的路径选择,提出了构建以农民拥有完整的土地产权为核心的农村新土地产权制度的基本构想.     

Does Security of Land Operational Rights Matter for the Improvement of Agricultural Production Efficiency under the Collective Ownership in China?

Under the “separation of three rights” policy, the impact of security of land operational rights on agricultural production efficiency has attracted much attention in recent years. Data envelopment analysis and mediation effect analysis were applied to 888 family farms run by new‐type agricultural operators from Songjiang to identify the mechanism of the effect of land operational rights security on agricultural production efficiency through long‐term investment. The results show that greater security of land operational rights generally increased agricultural production efficiency. Approximately 37.94 percent of the impact could be explained by long‐term investment. The results also indicate that significant heterogeneity exists in the effect of land operational rights security on agricultural production efficiency at various levels of the family farms’ efficiency distributions. It is suggested that government should legalize land operational rights and give them a status equal to those of households’ contractual rights and land ownership rights in China's future land tenure reform.