State Fragmentation and Rights Contestation： Rural Land Development Rights in China

The functionalist reasoning of institutional changes builds on individual rationality and explains institutional changes from the demand side. While insightful, a comprehensive understanding also needs to take into account the supply side, The state, as the ultimate supplier of institutional changes, plays the pivotal role of agency; therefore, its willingness and ability decide how such regime change occurs and what partieular form the new regime takes. Since the mid-1990s, the Chinese economy has embarked on a path of rapid industrialization and urbanization. The contestation over rural land development rights in China offers an excellent case to illuminate the importance of state agency in institutional changes. Drawing on case studies in China＇s three major urbanizing regions, this article analyzes how villages brought their own land directly to the land market and reaped handsome profits. We argue that the three successful cases, Nanhai in Guangdong, Kunshan in Jiangsu and Zhenggezhuang in Beijing, all represent a product of active agency on the supply side. The Chinese state＇s fragmented authority provides a favorable institutional environment for such changes.     

The Reform of China＇s Rural Land System

This paper discusses the reform of China‘s rural land system in the past more than 20 years. It reviews the course of China‘s rural land system reform since 1978 and the enormous contribution that the household contract responsibility system made to China‘s agricultural and rural development. Then it summarizes the current situation and existing problems in China‘s rural land system. Finally, it offers some policy suggestions on how to perfect the rural land system.     

The NDC Model： A Way to Resolve Moral Hazard in China＇s Social Security System

Since the mid-1990s, China has adopted a partially funded pension scheme in building its social security system. However, after nearly 10 years of operations, people found that the serious moral hazard problem of contribution defaults and loss of control concerning pension payment stemmed from this partially funded pension scheme. This institutional arrangement has also resulted in the so-called “adverse selection in non-market institutions”,which in turn is capable of destroying the current system. This article argues for the introduction of the Notional Defined Contribution (NDC)scheme, because it can solve the problem of moral hazard and adverse selection. Moreover,it can solve the problem of a lack of institutional conditions for the entry of the social security fund into the stock market. It is important to note that the NDC scheme fully conforms to the initial intention of the policy-makers who designed the partially funded pension scheme in mid-1990s.     

城市“灰色用地”土地开发模式研究

文章首先分析了传统城市规划开发模式存在的弊端,进而提出在市场经济体制下,城市规划应该由传统的用地定性模式转换为一种能适应城市动态发展和市场经济体制的模式：城市灰色用地理念。在此基础上,文章通过对现行经典的几种土地开发模式和运行策略对比研究,最终指出城市灰色用地土地开发模式的策略。     

土地发展权移转的国际比较研究

土地发展权的应用依各国具体情况而不同,发展权移转是一种以市场为基础的新的土地使用管制工具,作为分区规划管制的补充,在世界各国已经得到越来越多的应用。我国可以利用土地发展权移转机制来保护耕地和农民集体土地所有权权益。     

农地产权认知状况与流转行为牵扯:湘省398户农户样本

农地产权制度是农地流转的制度前提,但农户对产权的认知会影响其农地流转行为尚缺乏经验证据支持。利用湖南省的样本数据采用统计分析方法和Logit回归模型分析发现,现阶段农户对农地产权的认知较薄弱,产权制度对农地流转的实际影响与这种认知状况有关,在控制多种农户特征后发现产权认知度对农地流转有显著的积极影响。因此,需要通过明晰农地产权、加强立法保障、加大产权宣传、设立产权交易机构等措施推动农地流转。     

农村集体土地“双轨制”产权制度的构想

我国现行农村土地制度存在的主要弊端是农村土地所有权主体与使用权主体之间的关系不明晰.文章利用比较分析法与文献研究法,界定了农村土地所有权主体与成员之间的权利关系.文章认为,“双轨制”产权改革顺应历史要求,符合农民的意愿,能有效促进土地资源的优化配置,是一项切合农村实际的、操作性强的制度.     

浙江省土地可持续利用的困境、成因与对策分析

建设占用耕地规模的不断扩大和后备土地资源的匮乏导致了浙江耕地特别是新增耕地质量的下降,补充耕地的"上山下海"加大了生态退化的压力,浙江的土地利用体制客观上加速了农地非农化的进程,建设用地保障矛盾突出,违法用地现象增加。需要从改革土地利用体制、增加市场调节机制、转变土地利用方式等入手,提高土地集约使用程度,以解决浙江土地持续利用面临的困境。     

论土地承包经营权合同与土地承包经营权

土地承包经营权合同是一种民事合同,由此产生的土地承包经营权是一种物权与债权相混合的民事权利,由内部土地承包经营合同和外部土地承包经营合同派生出来的土地承包经营权在性质上表现出向物权和债权倾斜的现象。     

再议土地权益制度

国有土地所有权、集体土地所有权两元制体系的不合理性,土地所有权与使用权分离的不科学性,土地使用权淹没所有权,所有权主体不明、权益被弱化、经济价值被贬化,集体土地征收过程中不平等、不公正性导致农民失地、失业、失生存,严重损害了集体土地所有权权益。架构主权—发展权—所有权—建设权—租赁权一元土地权益体系,发挥土地权能,保障土地权益。     

农地制度变迁与农民土地权益保护——基于中国与匈牙利的比较分析

土地权益是农民最基本的经济权益,中国现代化进程高速发展背景下现行农地制度缺陷所带来的农民土地权益问题日益严峻.匈牙利历史上有过非常成功的土地改革成果,其在国家体制剧变之后的艰难探索更为我们提供了值得汲取的深刻教训.文章通过对中匈两国农地制度变迁的比较分析,吸取匈牙利土地变革的经验教训,总结出农民土地权益变更的一般规律,认识到制度安排对农民土地权益的影响,并积极探索我国土地制度的改革.     

重庆两江新区工业用地使用权弹性年租制度构建探索

采用实地调查、文献研究、定性定量相结合和案例比较等方法,对两江新区工业用地供应现状及工业用地供应存在的主要问题进行细致梳理,通过对国外工业用地使用权年租制度实践成功案例的分析,从两江新区实际需求和发展趋势出发,提出建立工业用地使用权弹性年租制度。研究果可以为政府及开发区构建多样化土地供应制度提供实践支撑,并可在一定程度充实和丰富工业用地集约利用研究的理论和方法。