Nonpecuniary Benefits to Farming: Implications for Supply Response to Decoupled Payments

We develop a household model wherein farmers allocate labor to maximize utility from leisure, consumption, and nonpecuniary benefits from farming. The model shows that farmers with decreasing marginal utility of income respond to higher decoupled payments by decreasing off-farm labor and increasing farm labor, resulting in greater agricultural output. We then estimate the difference between farm and off-farm returns to labor using data from three nationally representative farm household surveys. The finding of a large on-farm/off-farm wage differential provides compelling evidence of substantial nonpecuniary benefits from farming.     

Production Risk, Acreage Decisions and Implications for Revenue Insurance Programs

Revenue insurance programs are an increasingly popular alternative to direct price supports or federal farm income support programs. Such insurance programs are likely to have effects on cropping patterns, particularly if coverage is not universal. These effects on cropping patterns in turn may have unintended environmental consequences. This paper explores the relationship between production risk, cropping patterns and revenue insurance programs. These relationships are first examined using mathematical and statistical models of acreage response. An empirical analysis of these relationships is then performed using economic and environmental data from 421 counties in the Corn Belt, which in turn is used in a simulation analysis to predict changes in crop acreage under two revenue insurance programs. The results confirm that revenue insurance will alter cropping patterns. The effects of these acreage changes are likely to involve environmental consequences, as the counties most prone to acreage shifts are also those with higher potential for environmental damage. Les programmes d'assurance du revenu gagnent de plus en plus en popularité en tant que solution de rechange aux mesures directes de soutien des prix ou aux programmes fédéraux de soutien du revenu agricole. Les programmes d'assurance de ce genre auront sans doute des répercussions sur les systémes de culture, surtout en l'absence d'une couverture universelle. Ces répercussions pourront avoir des conséquences inattendues sur l'environnement. Les auteurs examinent les liens qui existent entre les risques de production, les systémes de culture et les programmes d'assurance du revenu. Pour cela, ils recourent d'abord à des modéles mathématiques et statistiques afin d'étudier la variation de la superficie des cultures. Ils procèdent ensuite à une analyse empirique des mêmes liens à partir des données économiques et environnementales recueillies dans 421 comtés de la ceinture de culture du maïs, avant de s'en servir dans une simulation qui prévoit la variation de la superficie cultivée consécutivement à l'introduction de deux programmes d'assurance du revenu. Les résultats confirment que les programmes de ce genre modifieront les systémes de culture. La variation de la superficie cultivée devrait avoir des répercussions sur l'environnement, car les comtés où la superficie cultivée changera le plus probablement sont aussi ceux où les risques de pollution sont les plus grands.     

Resource Management under Production and Output Price Uncertainty: Implications for Environmental Policy

Various environmental policies have been proposed to control agricultural runoff of nutrients and pesticides. The impacts of these policies on input use are complicated because of the various sources of uncertainty farmers face and the precise nature of farmers' risk attitude. A risk–averse farmer's response to changed profit , input , and output taxes under output price and production uncertainty is examined. The impact of these policies on input use depends on the form of production uncertainty, risk–input relationships, risk attitudes, and degrees of output price and production uncertainty. These results have implications for the design and implementation of environmental and other production–related policies.     

全球化背景下中国粮食供求区域均衡:对国家粮食安全的启示

中国-世界农业区域市场均衡模型(CWARMEM)是一个多市场多区域的以中国粮食问题为重点研究对象的全球农业市场政策分析模型.本文描述了CWARMEM模型的结构、特征以及建模过程,并应用该模型对全球化背景下中国粮食供求区域均衡变化趋势进行情景模拟研究,在此基础上分析了人口、资源、经济等因素变动对我国未来十年粮食安全局势的...     

Agricultural Supply Response: A Survey

This paper surveys the literature on agricultural supply response to prices in developing countries. Empirical estimates of elasticities depend both on the methodology adopted and on country-specific factors relating to technology, economic structure and macro constraints. The paper seeks to establish some general conclusions on supply responsiveness within these limitations. Supply response to output prices at the aggregate and at the crop levels is considered first. Crop-specific acreage elasticities range between zero and 0.8 in the short run while long-run elasticities tend to be higher — between 0.3 and 1.2. Yield elasticities are smaller and less stable than acreage elasticities. Clearly, inter-crop pricing can be relied upon to effect shifts in the commodity composition of agricultural output. Evidence also suggests that supply elasticities vary systematically with such factors as price and yield risks, multiple-cropping, the importance of the crop, farm incomes, farm size, tenancy and literacy. The most controversial and important aspect of supply response is the effect on aggregate agricultural output of agriculture's terms of trade. Conventional time-series estimates range from 0.1 to 0.3. A major cross-country study reports an aggregate elasticity as high as 1.66. It is argued that cross-country estimates are apt to exaggerate aggregate responsiveness while time-series studies underestimate it somewhat. For LDCs, a tentative range of 0.4 to 0.5 seems plausible. Hence, the distributive effects of the terms of trade are likely to be more significant than the allocative effects. Asian evidence shows that only a third of the inter-country differences in fertilizer use can be attributed to fertilizer price policies. Provided new technologies and infrastructure are in place, fertilizer subsidies can help in technology diffusion and in overcoming credit constraints. The choice between price supports and input subsidies will depend on a variety of country- or situation-specific factors. Nevertheless, a significant general factor favoring price supports is that they can more easily be coupled with price stabilization goals than input subsidies. Though sparse, the available evidence on the response of marketed surplus suggests that price policy is not a reliable instrument for regulating inter-sectoral trade.     

Supply Response to Countercyclical Payments and Base Acre Updating under Uncertainty: An Experimental Study

We design an experiment to simulate how people make agricultural production decisions under three policy scenarios, each incorporating direct payments (DPs): ( a ) price uncertainty without countercyclical payments (CCPs); ( b ) price uncertainty with CCPs; and ( c ) price uncertainty, CCPs, and uncertainty regarding base acreage updating. Results are the CCP program and perceived possibility of future base updating created incentives for subjects to invest more in program (base) crops, despite payments being decoupled from current production decisions. Those choosing to reduce revenue risk by increasing plantings of base crops may face reduced incomes, suggesting the efficiency of crop markets may be diminished.     

Regional Shifts in Pork Production: Implications for Competition and Food Safety

U.S. pork production and processing is consolidating in larger, more economically efficient units, and shifting from the Midwest into the Southeast. A regional model of farm supply and processing demand shows that smaller Midwest operations can survive only if processing capacity remains concentrated in that region. Salmonella incidence is higher in the Southeast and on larger farms. Restricting salmonella incidence in hogs delivered for processing to the minimum feasible level would increase total industry costs by 3%, due to increased production and delivery costs. It would also increase the comparative advantage of farms and processing firms in the Midwest.     

The Simple Analytics of Transferable Production Quota: Implications for the Marginal Cost of Ontario Milk Production

Using a competitive dynamic optimization model, the difference between unused and used industrial milk quota values is shown to give an exact measure of the annual rental rate of production quota. Knowledge of the rental rate of production quota and output price can be used to impute the marginal cost of industrial milk production. However, if there is a transfer tax on production quota sales, the imputation of the equilibrium rental value of quota depends on the elasticity of demand and supply for quota as well as the level of the transfer assessment. The marginal cost of Ontario milk production is estimated for each year from 1980–81 to 1994–95, based on unused and used quota values. However, the imputed marginal cost estimates are not totally satisfactory. The results suggest that caution should be exercised in using the difference between unused and used quota prices as a measure of the rental rate of industrial milk production quota.     

Landscape patterns of development under two alternative scenarios: Implications for conservation

The spatial pattern of urban development has important ecological and conservation implications. Urban sprawl, characterized by scattered and low-density urban development, is commonly criticized for its negative ecological impact. In response, growth management policies have been proposed in order to promote compact development, which is generally considered more favorable from an ecological perspective. Spatial simulations of land cover change are useful for comparing urban development scenarios and their potential effects. One aspect that has not received much attention is how the rate of development may affect differences between compact development and urban sprawl in terms of their potential impact to biodiversity conservation at the landscape scale. Our goal in this study was to compare the spatial pattern and landscape-scale conservation and ecological implications of sprawling development (expected under unregulated development) versus compact development (promoted by growth management policies) at different development rates. We focused on Israel's Mediterranean region—a region characterized by high human population density and heterogeneous land cover. Using a cellular automata model, DINAMICA-EGO, we calibrated and validated an urban development model for the period between 1998 and 2007. Using this period as a reference, we simulated two scenarios 20 years into the future: unregulated (resulting in a more sprawling development pattern) versus regulated development (resulting in a more compact development pattern). For each scenario we analyzed a range of development rates, and compared built-up area patterns, and several landscape-level attributes of natural habitats, conservation priority areas, and protected areas. We found that at development rates comparable to those observed during 1998–2007, there was no major difference between the two scenarios. At higher development rates, some differences between the scenarios emerged: natural core areas were more fragmented and smaller in their extent, and a higher proportion of conservation priority areas were expected to undergo development in the unregulated scenario. Overall, the regulated scenario was more favorable for conservation. Since the regulated and unregulated scenarios exhibited only minor differences in lower development rates, modifications to policy measures included in the regulated scenario should be considered in order improve its effectiveness.     

农业社会化服务供求结构差异的比较与分析——基于农业社会化服务供求现状的调查与思考

本文以对99个村297个农户的抽样调查数据为基础,分析当前农户最迫切需要的社会化服务项目、服务供给状况以及农业社会化服务供求的结构差异,并提出未来农业社会化服务体系建设的重点。     

Environmental Emissions and Production Economics: Implications of the Materials Balance

In modeling emissions, the literature has usually specified an explicit emission function, or treated emissions as a production input. We examine the validity of these approaches, taking into account the materials balance principle. We show that a technology can equivalently be described by (i) a production function with material and nonmaterial inputs and bounded marginal product of the material input, (ii) a well-behaved production function with emissions as an input, and (iii) a well-behaved emission function, if the materials balance is accounted for as an additional condition. We offer a forma derivation of common, but not rigorously established modeling approaches.