区域农业可持续发展综合评价研究——以浙江省为例

该文以可持续发展理论为指导,构建农业可持续发展综合评价指标体系,评价区域农业可持续发展的综合水平。采用熵值法、模糊数学方法选取了人口、社会、经济、资源、环境5个方面31个指标进行评价,确定指标权重。采用指数和公式计算各年度的综合指标值,评价浙江省农业可持续性发展的状况。研究结果:浙江省农业可持续发展整体水平持续提高,人口、经济、社会呈可持续发展趋势,资源子系统呈非可持续利用态势,环境子系统呈不稳定态势,人口、经济、社会、资源、环境5个子系统处于非协调发展中。     

郑州市水资源承载力综合评价

从水资源、经济、社会和生态环境4个方面选取17个指标构建评价指标体系,使用熵权法确定指标权重,运用TOPSIS模型对郑州市2007—2016年的水资源承载力水平进行综合评价。研究结果表明:(1)样本期内,郑州市水资源承载力综合评价值由0. 3336上升到0. 7007,总体呈稳步上升趋势,水资源承载力等级由"差"提升到"较好";(2)各子系统对水资源综合承载力的贡献逐年上升,其中生态环境子系统和经济子系统的贡献最大,社会子系统贡献相对稳定,而水资源子系统则因郑州市水资源时空分布不均,呈波动变化趋势。     

中国少数民族林区可持续发展能力及策略分析

通过选取可持续发展评价指标,运用AHP分析模型建立可持续发展能力指标体系并进行实证分析,得出少数民族林区可持续发展能力普遍不高的结论。从经济、社会、资源、生态和人口5个方面对中国少数民族林区可持续发展能力进行分析,提出以人的可持续发展为出发点和终极目标、以资源和生态环境的可持续发展为条件和载体、以经济和社会的可持续发展为保障和实现形式来谋求少数民族林区可持续发展的策略建议。     

江苏省水生态与经济耦合协调度评价

随着经济的不断发展,社会经济与水生态环境之间出现了一系列矛盾,开展社会经济与水生态环境协调度研究对实现区域的可持续发展尤为重要。选用耦合协调度模型,选取2015—2019年江苏省社会经济和水生态环境指标,对13个设区市的社会经济发展水平和水生态环境状况进行了综合评价,得到二者的协调发展度水平,并对其进行了等级划分,针对其区域分布特征进行了空间分析。结果表明：2015—2019年,江苏省社会经济与水生态环境耦合度总体呈逐年上升趋势;空间表现上,苏南地区的协调发展度水平最高,苏中、苏北其次,地区耦合度差异较大;总体苏南地区和苏北地区协调发展度的改善程度较大,苏中地区改善程度较小。     

基于灰色关联模型的天津市区域经济与生态环境协调发展实证研究

为研究经济环境内部因素对区域经济与生态环境协调发展的影响,文章以天津市为例,选取了天津市2013—2020年区域经济与生态环境的指标数据,建立灰色关联模型,研究两者之间的耦合关系,分析了区域经济对生态环境的胁迫效应和生态环境对区域经济的约束效应。结果得出：区域经济与生态环境之间基本处于中等协调状态,第三产业与生态环境的协调关联度强,第二产业与生态环境的协调关联度弱。但是,天津市区域经济与生态环境耦合度从2015年开始呈下降趋势,即仍然存在经济与生态环境恶化之间的矛盾,说明经济发展与生态环境之间的矛盾呈由平缓到尖锐的循环过程。     

青岛市生态环境可持续发展能力动态评价

以自然一经济一社会复合生态系统原理为基础,从社会进步、经济发展和环境保护三个方面构建了青岛市生态环境町持续发展能力评价指标体系,结合统计数据,运用AHP法与综合评价法,对青岛市1997-2006年的牛态环境可持续发展能力进行评估,并对其动态变化进行了分析.结果表明:青岛市生态环境可持续发展能力综合指数由1997年的0.229上升到2006年的0.795,呈逐年上升趋势,可持续发展能力不断提高.经济发展和环境保护因素对促进青岛市生态环境可持续发展的作用明显,1977-2004年社会发展始终落后于经济、环境发展,社会因素制约着青岛市可持续发展.     

平原地区资源环境承载力评价与短板要素分析*——以山东省平原县为例

[目的]在全面推进生态文明建设的关键时期,进行平原地区资源环境承载力评价,是协调平原地区可持续发展、推动资源利用方式转变的重要举措。[方法]构建由水土资源承载力、生态环境承载力和社会经济承载力3个子系统构成的资源环境承载力评价系统,以山东省平原县2016年国民经济统计资料、土地利用相关数据为数据基础,采用层次分析法和德尔菲法相结合的综合赋权形式,利用模糊综合评价法,测算区域资源环境承载力,结合短板要素分析,对2016年平原县资源环境承载力进行评价研究。[结果](1)平原县资源环境承载力综合评价分值为0. 6051,处于较高等级;(2) 3个子系统中,承载力得分从大到小依次为社会经济承载力、水土资源承载力、生态环境承载力;(3)平原县资源环境承载力指标体系中没有处于危机状态的指标,但人均城镇建设用地状态指数小于0,处于预警状态。[结论]平原县资源环境承载力较好,尚未有短板要素,但城乡建设用地结构不平衡;为提高承载力,从促进水土资源高效集约利用、树立"绿色"意识、加强生态环境治理、促进产业结构转型升级等方面提出相应建议措施。     

山东省经济社会生态协调发展水平研究

现代区域经济的发展不仅仅是经济的发展,而是经济、社会和生态的协调发展。本文利用山东省109个县、县级市和市直辖区的2006年的数据,计算各区域的经济、社会和生态的协调度,从而进一步山东省经济、社会和生态子系统两两之间以及区域总体水平上三个子系统的协调程度。通过分析得到两个结论:第一,山东省县、县级市和市直辖区之间的可持续发展水平、经济、社会和生态的三个子系统两两之间的协调度以及经济社会生态的综合协调度存在着明显的区域差异;第二,区域可持续发展能力的高低不仅体现为经济、社会和生态的三个子系统的本身水平的高低,更重要的是三个子系统之间以及总体上的综合协调程度的高低。     

县域土地可持续利用评价研究——以江苏省兴化市为例

根据兴化市的特点,基于区域土地可持续利用的原理,从环境、经济、社会3方面选取18个指标,构建了兴化市土地可持续利用评价体系,运用均方差决策赋权法确定了三大子系统和各单项指标的权重,对兴化市1997-2004年期间的土地可持续利用进行了定量分析,结果表明,总体上看兴化市土地利用的可持续性趋势正在不断加强,各子系统的发展趋势基本见好,但分值普遍不高,均未达到强可持续状态,尤其经济指标和社会指标需要进一步加强,环境指标在2004年分值下滑,所以需要在经济发展的同时注重环境的保护,以期达到环境、经济、社会的和谐发展;对兴化市未来土地利用的可持续发展提出了建议。     

湖北农业可持续发展能力及其评价

农业可持续发展的内涵可概括为四个方面 ,即农业产出的可持续性、农业经济的可持续性、农业生态环境的可持续性和农村社会的可持续性 ,这四个方面构成了实现农业可持续发展必须达到的基本目标。本文在借鉴有关研究成果的基础上 ,结合湖北省农业生产的实际情况 ,设置农业可持续发展能力的评价指标体系 ,旨在通过定量分析 ,考察农业可持续发展内部子系统对可持续发展能力的影响及各子系统间的协调关系。一、农业可持续发展能力评价指标体系的框架设置根据农业可持续发展的内涵 ,兼顾系统性、全面性、可比性和可操作性原则 ,我们从农业生产、农…     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.