农村生活垃圾管理服务现状及相关因素研究——基于5省101个村的实证分析

基于2011年全国5省101个村的实地调查数据,本文对农村生活垃圾管理服务现状及相关因素进行了整体考察。研究发现,农村生活垃圾管理服务水平较低且不全面,随着垃圾管理流程(收集设施—收集人—运输—处理)的递进,拥有服务的村庄比例依次减少。数据显示,只有一半的村庄拥有垃圾收集设施,不到一半的村庄拥有垃圾收集人服务,29%的村庄拥有垃圾运输服务,仅有10%的村庄拥有垃圾集中分类处理服务。地区间的垃圾管理服务存在显著差异。就垃圾收集和运输服务而言江苏远超过其他省份;但对于垃圾集中分类处理服务上则四川最高。农民年人均收入和村庄交通便利状况是影响垃圾管理服务的主要影响因素。     

压煤村庄搬迁与"挂钩流转"政策相结合时的问题及对策研究——以兖州市为例

研究目的:在建设用地指标异常紧张的情况下,为顺利推进压煤村庄搬迁提供途径。研究方法:资料综合分析法、对比法和实证分析法。研究结果:压煤村庄搬迁与"挂钩流转"政策相结合时存在4大难题,提出了解决方法。研究结论:压煤村庄搬迁与"挂钩流转"政策相结合是可行的。但应适当放宽周转指标归还时间和对耕地数量质量的要求,优先开采能复垦出耕地的村庄下的煤炭资源,尽快归还挂钩周转指标。     

桐庐:规划引领破解农民建房难

正过去,浙江省桐庐县的农村宅基地存在"无规划、乱审批、缺监管、未批先建多、建新不拆旧"5个方面的突出问题。为了解决这些问题,浙江省桐庐县出台政策、规范审批、强化监管、保障用地,最终实现了"3年~5年基本解决无房户、危房户"的总体工作目标。规划引领村庄建设桐庐县从严控制村庄人均建设用地指标,科学分配、节约利用宅基地资源。新规划的农民居     

整治建筑垃圾亟须堵疏结合

正城市的大拆大建,以及城镇化快速推进,产生了大量的建筑垃圾,而处理这些垃圾的手段和观念又非常传统,从而形成今天建筑垃圾"围城"的局面。据中国建筑垃圾资源化产业技术创新战略联盟统计的数据显示,近几年中国每年建筑垃圾的排放总量高达数十亿吨,占城市垃圾的比例约为40%,建筑垃圾"围城"隐疾,日益成为城市发展的痛点。(1月17日《民主与法制时报》)改革开放三十多年来,中国经济一直在跑步前进,每天都发     

建筑垃圾管理的困境

建筑业在我国的GDP中占有举足轻重的地位.由于工业化、城市化进程的加速,建筑业迅猛发展,由此产生了数量巨大的建筑垃圾.建筑垃圾资源化具有可操作性,建筑垃圾管理的重要性也显而易见,建筑垃圾循环再利用也具有经济可行性,但为何在我国建筑垃圾仍只停留在理论研究阶段？本文对建筑垃圾管理的困境进行分析.     

生活垃圾分类中的村庄公共性塑造及其生成逻辑

村庄公共性的塑造已成为学术界关注的一个重要议题。随着农村现代化、市场化进程的推进,村庄空心化、村民原子化状况突出,农村社会公共性基本上呈现“虚无”的状态。但在农村环境治理过程中,通过大多数村民持续地参加村庄公共事务,村庄公共性在一定程度上得以塑造。基于浙江陆家村生活垃圾分类的案例分析发现,村民在参与生活垃圾分类中形成了自觉的环境意识与环境行为,并强化了对村庄的认同感与公共事务的参与性。所以,当大多数村民能够自觉、持续地参与农村生活垃圾分类时,表明村庄公共性已经在一定程度上得以塑造。此外,随着村庄公共性的塑造,带来了农村的社会结构、社会关系与社会组织体系的改善,以及农村熟人社会一定程度的恢复。     

陕西省龙草坪林业局森林碳汇价值评析

分析了森林碳汇的基础理论,阐述了森林碳汇价值的估算方法,对陕西省龙草坪林业局的森林碳汇进行了测算并展望了其意义及应用前景。研究可为评价森林生态效益、探讨森林碳汇融资提供理论依据和参考价值。     

我国当前煤炭资源的运输调配及优化问题研究

煤炭是我国的主导能源 ,合理确定煤炭资源的运输路线和运输量 ,对于缓解我国较为紧张的交通状况、降低煤炭的使用成本等都具有重要意义。本文通过对我国主要煤炭产地和主要煤炭消费省份的合理分析 ,以实际数据为依据 ,运用Mapinfo、lingo等分析运算工具 ,建立了我国煤炭优化运输模型 ,求出了其最优解 ,并据此进行了必要的分析 ,可为我国煤炭的合理调配决策提供重要的参考。     

白洋淀上游农村生活垃圾处理存在问题及治理措施研究

随着经济发展和人口增多,白洋淀上游农村地区的生活垃圾大幅增加,种类也变得越来越多,大量垃圾带来的环境问题威胁着当地村民的健康。通过调查白洋淀上游农村地区生活垃圾的处理情况,分析当地在垃圾处理方面存在的问题,提出了相应的解决措施,为相关部门提供参考。     

从森林环境经济核算看林业对国民经济的贡献——《联合国粮农组织林业环境与经济核算指南》案例研究

以吉林省吉林市丰满区和蛟河市为案例,运用联合国粮农组织《林业环境与经济核算指南》,对林地和林木资产实物量与价值量、林产品及森林环境服务价值流量核算;估算森林为国民经济其他部门及区域提供的产品和服务价值;通过120户农户家庭抽样调查估算森林为农户家庭带来的产品价值和收入。核算结果较为客观、准确地反映了林业对国民经济和社会发展的贡献,可为制定有利于林业可持续经营的政策提供参考。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.