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1.
This paper examines the extent to which the growth of China and India in world markets is affecting the patterns of trade
specialization in Latin American (LA) economies. We construct a measure of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) by 3-digit
ISIC sector, country, and year. This RCA accounts for both imports and exports. The empirical analyses explore the correlation
between the RCAs of LA and the two Asian economies. Econometric estimates suggest that the specialization pattern of LA—with
the exception of Mexico—has been moving in opposite direction to the trade specialization pattern of China and India. Labor-intensive
sectors (both unskilled and skilled) probably have been negatively affected by the growing presence of China and India in
world markets, while natural resource and scientific knowledge intensive sectors have probably benefited from China and India’s
growth since 1990.
JEL no. F10, F14 相似文献
2.
Lewis Jeffrey D.; Robinson Sherman; Thierfelder Karen 《Journal of African Economies》2003,12(2):156-206
Countries in southern Africa have engaged in a variety of tradeliberalisation initiatives such as the European Union (EU)SouthAfrica Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the EU's Everythingbut Arms (EBA) initiative to eliminate trade barriersagainst imports from the least developed countries and a potentialFTA among Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries.In this paper we use a multi-country computable general equilibrium(CGE) model to analyse the impact of trade liberalisation inthe region. First, we analyse the FTA between South Africa andthe EU. Then, we consider how the rest of southern Africa mightrespond: (i) by enforcing an SADC FTA; (ii) by exploiting theadvantages of unilateral access to the EU in addition to anSADC FTA; and (iii) by entering an FTA with the EU and otherSADC countries. The scenarios are ordered such that the SADCcountries pursue increased trade liberalisation. We find thatunder all FTA arrangements the increased total imports fromFTA partners exceeds the reduction in imports from non-FTA partners the FTAs examined are all net trade creating. Some SADCeconomies are slightly hurt by the FTA between the EU and SouthAfrica, while others gain slightly. Overall, the agreement isnot a beggar-thy-neighbour policy. We also find that unilateralaccess to the EU is more beneficial for SADC countries thanan SADC FTA because the SADC countries trade more with the EUthan with each other. However, reciprocal reforms under an EUSADCFTA dominate unilateral access to the EU because they requiremore structural adjustment in the SADC countries. Finally, wefind that South Africa is not large enough to serve as a growthpole for the region. Access to EU markets provides substantiallybigger gains for the other SADC countries than access to SouthAfrica. 相似文献
3.
How international outsourcing drives up Eastern European wages 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
How International Outsourcing Drives Up Eastern European Wages. — This paper analyzes the effects of intermediate goods trade
on the development of real wages in Central and Eastern European manufacturing. The empirical findings show that world exports
in intermediate goods of the CEEC exhibit a negative impact on wages, and imports a positive one. Since 1993, intermediate
goods trade between the EU and the CEEC accounted for an increase in wages being most pronounced in Slovakia, Poland and the
Czech Republic. 相似文献
4.
Higher productivity in importing German manufacturing firms: self-selection, learning from importing, or both? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper uses a newly available comprehensive panel data set for manufacturing enterprises from 2001 to 2005 to document
the first empirical results on the relationship between imports and productivity for Germany, a leading actor on the world
market for goods. Furthermore, for the first time the direction of causality in this relationship is investigated systematically
by testing for self-selection of more productive firms into importing, and for productivity-enhancing effects of imports (‘learning-by-importing’).
We find a positive link between importing and productivity. From an empirical model with fixed enterprise effects that controls
for firm size, industry, and unobservable firm heterogeneity we see that the premia for trading internationally are about
the same in West and East Germany. Compared to firms that do not trade at all two-way traders do have the highest premia,
followed by firms that only export, while firms that only import have the smallest estimated premia. We find evidence for
a positive impact of productivity on importing, pointing to self-selection of more productive enterprises into imports, but
no clear evidence for the effect of importing on productivity due to learning-by-importing. 相似文献
5.
US Safeguards on Steel and the Markups of European Producers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper is among the first to explore the microeconomic impacts of a trade policy on foreign firms. We empirically investigate
the effects of the US safeguard protection of steel imports in 2002 on the markups of EU steel firms. Using a large panel
of affected EU steel firms between 1995 and 2005, we find that the protection they faced abroad significantly reduced their
markups. Our results indicate smaller adverse effects on multi-product EU firms. Our study has wider implications as it quantifies
the cost that trade protection imposes on trading partners, an externality currently not considered in any trade regulation.
The US safeguard protection also resulted in some diversion of EU steel especially towards China, aggravating the situation
on the Chinese steel market and ultimately resulting in the Chinese trade protection of steel imports.
JEL no. F13, L13, L61 相似文献
6.
By combining economic and financial data for Portuguese manufacturing firms with data on their exports and imports, we uncover some aspects of the relationship between international trade engagement and firms’ performances. In line with recent theoretical and empirical developments in the international trade literature: (i) we testify that Portuguese international trade is highly concentrated, especially on the import side, and both in inter- and intra-sector terms; (ii) we corroborate previous studies and theses according to which two-way traders outperform only importers, only exporters and above all domestic firms; (iii) we find that the greater the diversification of markets and goods (especially with regard to imports), the better the performance achieved by internationalised firms; (iv) we notice that the higher the intensity of firms’ international trade (especially imports), the better their performance; (v) we also present evidence that destination markets for exports and origin markets for imports are also important in explaining firm’s performance. 相似文献
7.
Fragmentation and trade: US inward processing trade in the EU 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Holger Görg 《Review of World Economics》2000,136(3):403-422
Fragmentation and Trade: US Inward Processing Trade in the EU. — Fragmentation, which refers to the splitting up of a previously integrated production process into separate components, is seen as one of the reasons for the increasing globalization of the world economy. This paper undertakes an empirical study of the extent of US inward processing trade (IPT) in the EU, which we use as a proxy for fragmentation in trade. We also provide empirical evidence on the determinants of the distribution of US IPT across manufacturing sectors in the twelve EU member states. Our results give support to the importance of comparative advantage for the sectoral distribution of US IPT. Also, we find that the labour costs and the level of US FDI stocks affect US IPT in EU peripheral countries, while they do not seem to have any impact on EU core countries. 相似文献
8.
This paper studies the duration of Chinese manufacturing exports and its determinants, using disaggregated 6‐digit level Harmonized System product trade data from 1995 to 2007. Cox proportional hazard, Weibull and exponential models are used to examine the effects of various factors on export duration. It is revealed that export duration tends to be rather short‐lived. It is also found that GDP and GDP per capita of the export destination have positive effects on export duration, while trade relationships with distant and landlocked countries are generally of shorter duration. In addition, export duration is longer for differentiated and parts and components products, as well as products with large initial trade values. WTO membership is also important for longer export duration. Our empirical analysis suggests that developed markets, such as the USA and the EU, are important to China, and should still be the major sources for Chinese export growth in the long run. Moreover, technical innovation of firms and free trade agreement negotiations will be helpful for sustainable export growth. 相似文献
9.
Peter Egger 《Review of World Economics》2001,137(3):427-449
European Exports and Outward Foreign Direct Investment: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach. — This paper implements a panel data
approach for studying the determinants of and relationships between bilateral economic activities in terms of both trade and
foreign direct investment between the EU member states. The familiar equation for testing the determinants of bilateral exports
is reformulated to reflect recent theoretical work. It is specified as a dynamic panel data model designed to answer questions
about their relationship according to changes in different exogenous determinants. Exports and stocks of outward FDI are found
to be substitutes with respect to changes in transport costs and complements with respect to most of the other determinants. 相似文献
10.
Since the beginning of market reforms in 1989, countries of the South-Eastern Europe (SEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent
States (CIS) trade significantly less with the world economy than those Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries which
later joined the EU. To explain why this is the case, a number of hypotheses have been proposed in the literature. The key
novelty of our study consists in a simultaneous assessment of the contribution to trade from geographical, policy and institutional
factors, during the EU pre-accession period (1997–2004). An augmented gravity model is proposed and estimated for a reference
group of 82 countries employing the Poisson and Tobit estimation techniques. We find that the low quality of economic institutions
in the SEE and CIS countries contributed to a considerable proportion of their below potential international trade. We perform
policy simulations using institutional data up to 2008 to identify channels for increasing international trade of the SEE
and CIS. 相似文献
11.
Intra-industry trade as an indicator of labor market adjustment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Intra-Industry Trade as an Indicator of Labor Market Adjustment. — A growing body of recent empirical research uses measures
of change in intra-industry trade as indicators of labor market adjustment. In this paper, we argue that the theoretical foundations
for this work are problematic. To make this argument we develop a simple model with both inter- and intra-industry trade and
adjustment. We find that changes in domestic absorption, which influence trade flows but which are distinct from production
changes, make changes in IIT an unreliable guide to labor market pressure. 相似文献
12.
Patterns and Determinants of International Fragmentation of Production: Evidence from Outward Processing Trade between the
EU and Central Eastern European Countries. — In this paper we investigate a specific form of international fragmentation of
production, that is, the form giving rise to international trade for reasons of processing. Data on textile and apparel trade
between EU countries and Central European countries show that the magnitude of trade for reasons of processing greatly overshadows
that of final trade. The industry appears to be affected by a process of international fragmentation whose understanding requires
a new definition of the concept of comparative advantage. Our analysis suggests that this fragmentation is activated by labor
cost differentials as well as by reasons of geographic and cultural proximity. 相似文献
13.
Choorikkad Veeramani 《Review of World Economics》2002,138(3):509-533
Intra-industry Trade of India: Trends and Country-Specific Factors. — The analysis in this paper confirms that trade liberalization
biases trade expansion towards intra-industry trade (IIT) in India. The increased level of IIT is largely exportled, that
is, caused by a faster growth of exports than of imports. India’s IIT is more intense with high-income countries and is characterized
by a greater extent of complementarity. Further, certain country-specific factors which are found to be crucial in the models
of vertical IIT are pertinent in influencing the pattern of India’s bilateral IIT. 相似文献
14.
This paper examines the long-term linkages between seven Central and Eastern European (CEE) emerging stock markets and two
developed stock markets, namely the German and the US markets. The stability of the long-run relationships is studied using
recursive cointegration analysis. The results reveal that the financial linkages between the CEE markets and the world markets
increased with the beginning of the EU accession process. Furthermore, the application of the Gonzalo and Granger (J Bus Econ
Stat 13:27–35, 1995) methodology indicates that the examined stock markets are partially integrated, while there is also evidence
that the emerging stock markets of Central and Eastern Europe except for Estonia together with the German and the US stock
markets, have a significant common permanent component, which drives this system of stock exchanges in the long run. Finally,
it is worthwhile to note that the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 caused a slowdown in the convergence process. In addition
we find evidence that the Slovenian stock market exhibits a moderate increase in the transitory component and this may be
attributed to the Slovenian full membership in the euro area. 相似文献
15.
本文在一般均衡框架下分析货币贬值对国际贸易的影响。与传统理论的预测不同,在一般均衡框架下,预期中的货币贬值对进出口只有短期影响,而意外的大幅度货币贬值会产生持久性冲击。通过应用引力方程对世界五十二个主要经济体1980~1998年间双边贸易额分析,我们发现,实证结果为理论预测提供了较好的支持。 相似文献
16.
Gravity model: An application to trade between regional blocs 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Inmaculada Martinez-Zarzoso 《Atlantic Economic Journal》2003,31(2):174-187
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the determinants of bilateral trade flows among 47 countries and, particularly,
the effects of preferential agreements between several economic blocs and areas: European Union (EU), North-American Free
Trade Area NAFTA), Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Centro-American Common Market (CACM), and other Mediterranean countries
(MEDIT). The period under study is from 1980–99. The authors estimate a gravity equation that allows the comparison of the
weight of the influence of preferential agreements and also, infers the relevance of other determinants of bilateral trade
flows such us geographic proximity, income levels, population, and cultural similarities. The analysis is undertaken for each
year of the sample in order to capture the temporal evolution of the impacts on trade of the different variables considered.
Using the estimation results as a base, trade potentials resulting from new free trade agreements are calculated. 相似文献
17.
U.S. Antidumping Enforcement and Macroeconomic Indicators Revisited:
Do Petitioners Learn? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We contribute to the literature on the political economy of U.S. antidumping enforcement through an analysis of the pattern—and
macroeconomic determinants—of country-specific antidumping petitions filed by U.S. firms against 15 countries between 1981
and 1998 (examining quarterly data). We reconcile some seemingly inconsistent results from the prior literature by suggesting
that “learning” by petitioners about the administration—in practice—of the U.S. trade laws has led to changes in the roles
of the macroeconomic determinants over time.
JEL no. F13 相似文献
18.
Entering new export markets is primarily a discrete choice. Even though several empirical papers have used modeling strategies
consistent with this fact, no study has examined the effects of public policies aimed at affecting this decision within this
setting. In this paper we assess the impact of trade promotion activities on export outcomes using trade support and highly
disaggregated export data for the entire population of exporters of Uruguay, a small developing country, over the period 2000–2007
to estimate a binary outcome model that allows for unobserved heterogeneity. We find that trade supporting activities have
helped firms reach new destination countries and introduce new differentiated products. 相似文献
19.
New Borders: Evidence from the Former Soviet Union. — We study the effects of trade barriers and the persistence of past linkages
on trade flows in the former Soviet Union (FSU). Estimating a gravity equation on 1987–1996 trade between nine Russian regions
and fourteen FSU republics, we find that Russian regions traded nearly twice as much with each other as with republics in
the reform period (1994–1996). In contrast, they did not trade significantly more with each other than with republics in the
prereform period (1987–1990). Our results suggest that the bias towards domestic trade in the reform period is primarily a
result of tariffs. We also find that past linkages, such as infrastructure, production and consumption chains, and business
networks, have limited the reorientation of trade. 相似文献
20.
Labor-Market Effects of Intra-Industry Trade: Evidence for the United Kingdom. — According to the “smooth adjustment hypothesis”,
the labor-market adjustment costs entailed by trade liberalization are lower if trade expansion is intra-industry rather than
inter-industry in nature. In this paper, we study the link between trade and labor market changes in UK manufacturing industries
during the 1980s. We use industry-level measures of unemployment duration and wage variability as proxies for adjustment costs,
and we relate them to various measures of intra-industry trade. Our evidence offers some support for the smooth adjustment
hypothesis. 相似文献