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Overwhelming anecdotal evidence suggests that politicians often promise more during an election campaign than they are willing or able to deliver once elected. In this paper, we present two signaling models to explain this phenomenon. In the first model, two candidates maximize their share of the vote. In the second model both try to convince the median voter. In each model, candidates rationally distort their true policy position. Voters, however, are not fooled. Upon observing election promises, they can rationally infer the true position of each candidate. Hence, the election outcome is not affected.JEL Classification:
D72, D82The author thanks Peter Kooreman, Wilko Letterie, Bert Schoonbeek, and two anonymous referees for useful comments. Financial support from The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
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Horine MC 《Employee benefits journal》1991,16(1):17-19
This author sees hopeful signs that medical costs may be somewhat "manageable." He describes promising approaches to controlling costs, including a Pennsylvania system that has had some positive results. 相似文献
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在建设工程的整个施工周期中,不仅需要关注施工质量,同时也需要加强造价管理,而造价管理是一件系统和复杂的工作,需要在明确的目标下,通过科学的措施开展工程造价工作。此外,还需要加强人才管理,完善管理制度,进而构建出完善的工程造价管理体系,以此保证施工单位取得良好的经济效益。本文从建筑工程造价管理的要点入手,并分析如何优化建筑工程造价管理措施,希望对建筑工程造价管理研究具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
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高等医学院校专业成本研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着市场经济的不断深入和高等教育的快速发展,成本意识、效益观念越来越贯穿于高等教育的全过程,同时也越来越深入到高等教育领导管理观念之中。对高等医学院校专业成本进行了深入的研究,包括对进行专业成本研究的成因、专业成本研究的意义及研究方法都做了详细的阐述,现实意义大,可操作性强,对高校提高成本意识、实行成本核算都具有重要意义。 相似文献
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比较优势、劳动力流动与产业转移 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
劳动力流动的新趋势反映了劳动力要素成本的比较优势在我国区域之间的动态转化,东部地区逐步丧失劳动力成本的比较优势,中西部地区劳动力要素禀赋的显性优势开始呈现。产业转移直接产生于比较优势的动态变化,顺应劳动力流动的新趋势,做好产业在区域间的转移和承接,才能转变依靠廉价劳动力的外向型经济增长方式,促使东部沿海地区进行产业升级,同时带动中西部地区工业化和城镇化进程,在保持我国低劳动力成本优势的基础上实现区域间协调发展。 相似文献
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Birger Wernerfelt 《European Economic Review》1984,24(2):257-270
The development of an industry is seen as the outcome of a differential game in which market shares flow in response to price differences. It is hypothesized that while all consumers eventually react to price differences, some are slower than others. If scale advantages have some influence on marginal costs around average market share, then, under reasonable conditions, only skewed size distributions can be locally stable steady states. In addition, and contrary to common belief, the largest firm need not eventually monopolize the industry. 相似文献
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知识、动态能力与企业持续竞争优势 总被引:22,自引:1,他引:22
有关企业竞争优势根源的理论解释,有一个从静态外生-静态内生-动态内生的演变过程,企业的动态能力战略观正在成为一个发展中的理论前沿。将知识、动态能力与企业持续竞争优势进行相关分析,可以得出结论:企业动态能力的核心本质是知识,知识形成的动态机制是企业持续竞争优势的根本保证。 相似文献
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Using a modified version of the Maoz and Moav [Maoz, Y. D. and Moav, O., 1999. Intergenerational mobility and the process of development. Economic Journal 109(458) 677-697] model, we show that the dynamics of income inequality and intergenerational mobility, and the effects of technological changes on inequality, depend crucially on the share of education cost in income. 相似文献
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Abstract. We investigate firms' outsourcing decisions when production requires a large number of inputs. The novelty of our approach is that it provides a testable framework to characterize the equilibrium fraction of outsourced inputs. We demonstrate that intensified competition in a Cournot market for the final good typically enlarges the set of outsourced components relative to those produced in‐house. The proportions of outsourced inputs are found to be strategic substitutes independently of whether firms compete with respect to quantities or prices in the market for the final good. JEL classification: D20, L22 相似文献
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As an organizational type, cooperatives are in general not the dominant form of enterprise. Nevertheless, cooperatives and cooperative-like organizations do play important roles in a number of sectors, suggesting that in some circumstances they are more efficient than other business forms. This paper explores the importance of membership goals on the relative efficiency of the cooperative form of organization. The cooperative cost (and hence production efficiency) advantage is directly linked to the goal alignment between the cooperative and its members, and is influenced by the extent of income redistribution between members and the degree of rent seeking that takes place in the organization. When there is no aversion to income inequality, the members produce at their first best levels. However, as aversion to inequality rises, the production profile of the members converges to the production profile generated when the members face an IOF. Regarding rent seeking, if the more (less) efficient members are able to get their profits valued more, total output is increased (decreased). As a consequence, consumers may benefit from the lobbying that occurs inside a cooperative where the powerful members are the most efficient agents. 相似文献
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伴随着我国经济的迅速发展和工业化进程的加快,石油消费量也在成倍增长.据统计,1970年我国石油的需求量为61.5万桶/天,1993年增加到305.1万桶/天,增长了近5倍;到2006年底中国石油的需求量激增到720万桶/天,与1993年相比又增长了2倍多. 相似文献
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This paper develops a theory of competing wage claims and cost inflation, and attempts to integrate this theory into the core of modern macroeconomic analysis. Specifically, the paper proposes an explanation for wage inertia and wage interdependence based on an application of duopoly theory to labor unions, and incorporates this microeconomic theory of labor union behavior into a macroeconomic general equilibrium model with goods, money, and bonds as well as two kinds of labor. Special emphasis is placed on the interplay between demand and cost factors in the inflation process and on the implications of wage competition among labor unions for the relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short and long run. 相似文献
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Michael R. Kehoe 《Applied economics》2013,45(11):1485-1493
Explanations for franchising are examined in the context of the US hotel industry. The study is distinct from previous research on franchising because it explicitly recognizes the existence of three organizational forms, whereas previous research has focused exclusively on two of these three forms. The two organizational forms examined in previous work are franchising and company ownership. The additional organizational form is company-management/investor-ownership, which involves management by the franchisor and ownership by outside investor groups. A plausible explanation for the existence of the last organizational form is based on the availability of low cost capital from non-chain sources. 相似文献
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Jan G. Jørgensen 《European Economic Review》2008,52(7):1256-1274
Recent literature on the workhorse model of intra-industry trade has explored heterogeneous cost structures at the firm level. These approaches have proven to add realism and predictive power. This paper presents a new and simple heterogeneous-firms specification. We develop a symmetric two-country intra-industry trade model where firms are of two different marginal cost types and where fixed export costs are heterogeneous across firms. This model traces many of the stylized facts of international trade. However, we find that with heterogeneous fixed export costs there exists a positive bilateral tariff that maximizes national and world welfare. 相似文献
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《Journal of medical economics》2013,16(8):629-636
Abstract
Objective:
The objective of this economic model was to estimate the difference in medical costs among patients treated with paliperidone palmitate once-monthly injectable antipsychotic (PP1M) vs placebo, based on clinical event rates reported in the 15-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of paliperidone palmitate evaluating time to relapse in subjects with schizoaffective disorder. 相似文献19.
We investigate an optimal reinsurance and dividend problem of an insurance company with the presence of reinvestments, or retained earnings. We consider the general situation that the company needs to pay both fixed and proportional costs. The object of the company is to determine reinsurance, dividend and reinvestment strategies so as to maximize the difference between the expected discounted dividends minus the expected discounted reinvestment until the time of ruin. We focus on the excess-of-loss reinsurance strategy, which is shown to be optimal. The mixed classical-impulse control is then used to discuss the problem. Using inventory control theory, the value function and optimal strategy are derived. 相似文献
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David Paton 《Applied economics》2013,45(4):431-438
This paper investigates claims that firm-specific effects in advertising-sales models can be attributed to a positive correlation between advertising and product quality. Using a standard Koyck transformation on an unbalanced panel dataset of UK firms, the implied long-lasting effects of advertising disappear when firm-specific effects are taken into account. This conclusion is robust to various econometric approaches. However, when the firm-specific effects are retrieved, they are found to correlate strongly with mean advertising. There is no discernible link between the firm-specific effects and whether a firm perceives quality to be an important form of competition in its market. The results give no support to the idea that advertising affects sales through associated product quality. They are consistent with the persistence of advertising within firms over time. 相似文献