Pricing with Endogenous Direct Advertising in a Monopoly

This paper develops a model of informative advertising in which a firm builds a database using its historical sales records in order to directly target ads on those consumers who have a high probability of purchasing its products. We show that the firm can use this type of direct advertising as a screening mechanism to identify high demand consumers. As a result, direct advertising can work essentially as a device to increase a firm's monopoly power. From a social point of view, this implies that the transition from traditional mass-advertising to direct advertising can generate a trade-off between higher advertising efficiency and greater monopoly power. We compute the model to shed light on the relative strength of these two forces, and find that while direct advertising might have a substantial negative impact on consumers, this advertising technology can only occasionally reduce welfare.     

纵向一体化网络的接入定价研究

中国铁路、煤气、自来水、邮政等绝大多数网络型产业的结构改革将选择纵向一体化与自由接入作为突破口，研究纵向一体化网络的接入定价理论和政策已成为中国网络型产业规制政策研究的一个重要问题。本文首先依据资源最优配置、次优配置、生产效率等原则，研究了不同的接入定价理论，详细探讨了不同的接入定价方法，最后进一步分析了纵向一体化网络在不同政策目标下的接入定价政策选择。     

The Access Pricing Problem with Deregulation: A Note

This note extends the analysis of Armstrong, Doyle and Vickers [1996] to the case of retail price deregulation. It is shown (i) that the optimal access price may be above, below, or (in the linear case) equal to marginal cost, (ii) that optimal regulation of the margin between the retail price and the access price entails the ECPR, and (iii) that welfare and entrant profit are higher when the level of the access price, rather than the margin, is regulated.     

Access Pricing and Network Expansion in Natural Gas Markets

In this paper, we discuss different indirect approaches to cope with local market power in natural gas markets, in particular the extension of pipeline capacity as an instrument to combat nodal market power. One perspective, as expressed in Cremer and Laffont (Eur. Econ. Rev. 46:928–935, 2002) is that a discriminatory access price can correct for market failure and induce an increase in output. We argue, on the contrary, that the opposite holds: non-discriminatory access to the pipeline system will lead to overcapacity, and is thus the preferable strategy.     

加权平均资本成本的现实思考与理性分析

在市场经济条件下,资本成本既是公司、企业筹资代价的主要表现,也是其投资可行性分析的基础标准(取舍率)。就资本运作而言,资本成本是联系筹资与投资的纽带和桥梁。因此,无论在筹资决策或投资决策中,都需要考虑资本成本问题,并且需要将各种个别资本成本综合起来加以分析。严格说来,需要在理论上和实践上,对加权平均资本成本(WeightedAverage Capital Cost,即WACC,下同)进行全面、深入的研究。     

Access Pricing in the Postal Sector: Theory and Simulations

This paper studies a theoretical model aimed at assessing the optimal access charges and retail prices in the postal sector. It takes explicitly into account three main characteristics of the postal sector: the ability of entrants to bypass the incumbent’s delivery network; the imposition on the incumbent, but not on entrants of universal service obligations; and the provision of access to both competitors and customers. The paper first develops analytical formulations of the optimal access charges and the incumbent’s end-to-end retail price. It then presents calibrated results illustrating the impact on prices and welfare of various scenarios.     

Access Pricing under Competition: An Application to Cellular Networks

A new class of access pricing problems is analyzed in which upstream firms compete for customers and access to these customers is required by downstream markets. Using fixed–to–cellular calls as an example, a model is presented which shows that the determination of cellular termination charges is quite different to standard access pricing problems. Competition between cellular firms leads to access prices being set either at, or above, the monopoly level. Applications are given for other market settings, including the termination of long–distance calls on competing local exchange networks and the setting of interchange fees in payment systems.     

鲍店煤矿加强成本管理的途径

分析了鲍店煤矿2012年经营形势,针对存在的问题,提出了克难攻坚、力保稳产,全面预算、节支降耗,全面对标、持续改进,细化措施、严格考核等项加强成本管理的措施。     

Fuly Distributed Cost Pricing,Ramsey Pricing,and Shapley Value Pricing: A Simulated Welfare Analysis for the Telephone Exchange

Economic theory has long been concerned with determining the optimal pricing scheme for a multiproduct monopoly, but it has been quite difficult to make use of developments in practice. Using LECOM, the Local Exchange Cost Optimization Model, over three stylized city maps, and assuming price elasticity values taken from the literature for four standard outputs of the local exchange, we demonstrate how fully distributed cost prices, Ramsey-optimal prices, Shapley prices, and standalone prices can be computed for a variety of baseline output levels. Analysis of consumer surplus changes relative to the marginal cost baseline shows that while Ramsey pricing maximizes social welfare over the set of schemes considered, only the Shapley approach results in subsidy-free prices.     

关于网络行业竞争与接入定价的理论分析

网络行业在引入竞争后,很难再保证其普遍服务目标的实现。本文根据进入者进入情况的不同,从理论上分析了针对不同的情况,管制者应如何设立普遍服务基金及制定相庆的接入价格,使得网络行业在保证普遍服务目标实现的同时,又能有效竞争,提高这些行业的经营效率。     

Differential Access to and Pricing of Home Mortgages: 2004 through 2009

This article documents trends and drivers of the residential mortgage market during the years 2004 through 2009, specifically focusing on the access to and pricing of mortgages originated by African‐American and Hispanic borrowers, and by borrowers living in low‐income and minority communities. Our analysis relies on a rich set of proprietary data that allow more expanded insights than can be obtained from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) alone. We show that access to mortgage credit increased between 2004 and 2006 for the borrowers we focus on in our study and declined dramatically thereafter. Trends in access to credit were driven primarily by the changing credit mix of mortgage applicants and secondarily by the replacement of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) for subprime as the dominant mode of nonprime originations and tighter underwriting standards. Throughout our entire period of study, these borrowers also consistently paid higher prices for their mortgages; however, the extent of this differential varied considerably over time and across groups. These pricing trends were driven primarily by changes in the FHA and subprime shares as well as by the market's increasingly aggressive pricing of credit risk.     

基于审计费用率的审计定价的研究

本文以A股上市公司2012—2014年年度审计费用为研究对象,建立审计费用率(审计费用/资产规模)模型,使用回归分析方法,实证分析审计定价的影响因素。结果表明,上市公司总资产、应收账款和存货在总资产中的比重、非标准审计意见、事务所规模以及上市公司所在地人均GDP与审计费用率显著相关,而资产负债率和流动比率与审计费用率的相关性不显著。     

Opening Networks to Competition: The Regulation and Pricing of Access. David Gabel and David Weiman

Review of Industrial Organization -     

作业成本法与作业基础管理

信息是管理决策的基础和前提。面对瞬息万变的市场 ,准确及时的内部信息是企业家决策的命脉。改进企业信息发生机制 ,提供更加准确的决策信息是会计工作永恒的使命之一。因此 ,作为会计工作的实践者 ,主持人认为会计工作者要不断探索新的方法 ,为企业管理决策提供真实、及时的信息 ,从而为企业的生存和发展提供供可靠的基础支持。     

ERP下的成本管理系统的构建与运行

传统的成本管理系统在企业资源计划(ERP)环境下面临严峻的挑战,本文在论述ERP对企业成本管理的要求的前提下,就ERP下成本管理体系的构建与运行进行了较为详细的设计。     

试论工程量清单计价模式

推行工程量清单计价是“控制量、放开价、由企业自主报价、最终由市场形成价格,,的改革思路的体现。在工程量清单计价模式下工程造价由分部分项工程费、措施项目费、其他项目费、规费和税金等构成。采用工程量清单计价的一般工作程序为编制工程量清单、投标人依据工程量清单确定单价、确定投标总价、公开开标、评标定标、中标签订合同等。在这种模式下进行投标报价的关键是落实招投标法“三公”原则,以及“合理低价中价．不低于成本’’的原则。章最后提出了应注意的一些问题。     

基于Access数据库技术的物业管理信息系统开发

以某房地产公司需求为背景,采用Visual Basic开发工具,以Access数据库技术为核心,开发了一个实用、信息全、分层次信息操作的小区物业管理系统,该系统实现了对住户水/电/气费、车位等信息的有效管理,可为小区住户和管理者提供不同层次的信息服务。     

干中学与中国制造业的市场结构:内生性沉没成本的视角

本文首次将对我国干中学的研究从宏观层面拓展到微观层面,利用1999—2007年的大样本企业数据测算了我国465个四位码制造业的干中学学习率,并在Sutton(1991)内生性沉没成本理论的框架下检验了干中学对我国制造业市场结构的动态影响。研究发现,中国制造业现阶段干中学的学习率呈现整体较高、行业之间差异较大的特点;干中学作为一种内生性沉没成本确实具有进入阻止的作用,能够提高行业的市场集中度,减缓我国制造业在市场规模扩张过程中市场结构趋于分散的态势,而且,干中学对我国制造业市场结构的影响大于另两种典型的内生性沉没成本——研发和广告。为优化我国制造业的市场结构,政府应当下大力气保护企业投资内生性沉没成本的激励,对产业市场结构的干预应当充分考虑各个产业在干中学强度上的差异,并采取有效措施降低干中学对研发的挤出。     

考虑营销成本的库存与运输联合优化三阶段决策模型研究

一般来说,个体最优和整体最优是不一致的,二者之间存在着偏差,这一偏差就是分散优化带来的效率损失。库存与运输联合优化（ITIO）将物流系统中的库存控制和运输管理融合到一个大问题中,去寻求这一联合问题而非单个问题的最优解决方案,可以最优化整个配送系统的运营成本。本文在考虑营销成本条件下,建立ITIO三阶段决策模型,并求解分析模型性质。研究表明：ITIO零售价和营销成本与需求的营销成本弹性、零售商订购成本、供应商生产启动成本、供应商生产成本、运输固定成本和运输可变成本正相关;与需求函数的价格弹性和订货批量负相关;当订购数量相同时,零售商单独优化的营销成本大于ITIO联合优化的营销成本。