市场机制对中国人均能源消费调节作用的实证研究

目前研究中国能源问题大多集中在能源消费总量上，而常常忽视了入均能源消费量的问题。通过地图显示，可以初步判断中国人均能源消费主要与两个因素有关：经济因素和能源资源禀赋因素。通过加权最小二乘（WLS）基准模型发现，经济发展水平、能源资源禀赋、第二产业和第三产业比重与人均能源消费成正比关系；市场机制调节作用下的能源价格抑制了人均能源消耗。然后运用分位数回归方法，结果发现：经济欠发达地区、沿海能源资源匮乏地区；第二产业比重较低的地区的弹性系数较高；在25％-80％分位数段内，第三产业比重的弹性系数基本相同；虽然市场化通过能源价格起到了调节人均能源消费量的作用，但分位数回归的结果显示能源价格仍然是扭曲的。     

国内外能源相对价格与中国的能源效率

提高能源效率是实现经济可持续发展和减少污染排放的根本途径。基于非线性平滑转换模型的分析显示,能源价格对能源效率的影响机制存在非线性的平滑转换。机制转换的主要引导因素是国内外能源价格指数的相对变化,机制转换的阈值近似为1。目前我国能源价格对能源效率的影响比较接近高效机制运行,增强能源价格的灵活性,可以实现能源消费者的自我选择,是提高我国能源效率的可行选择。     

Input substitution in manufacturing for three LDCs: translog estimates and policy implications

Demand and subsititution elasticities from a translog cost model are estimated for the manufacturing sectors of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Conventional formulae for the standard errors of the estimated elasticities are checked by a bootstrap experiment, and their validity is confirmed for the moderate-sized samples of India and Pakistan. The elasticity estimates indicate a high degree of substitutability among capital, labour, and energy resources in manufacturing sectors of these countries. The result yields important policy implications for employment expansion through changing relative resource prices and the ability of these three economies to adjust to energy price shocks without serious impairment to economic growth.     

The impact of oil price on additions to US proven reserves

Departing from Hotelling’s assumption of fixed and known reserves, this paper develops an economic model of additions to proven reserves that explicitly incorporates the effects of expected resource price, cumulative reserves development, and technological progress on reserve additions. The model treats additions to proven oil reserves as output of a production process in which drilling wells is a primary input to transform some of oil-in-place into the economic category of proven reserves. Application of the model to US data for the 1950–1995 period provides strong statistical support for the existence of all the three salient effects. We obtain an estimate of the price elasticity of reserve additions (absent from previous studies) which, although statistically highly significant, is rather small. Using this price elasticity estimate, it is shown that if in the face of steady economic growth, and hence, oil consumption, US oil import dependence is to be kept from rising in the future, ceteris paribus, a steady oil price increase in the range of 1.5–4.5% a year is essential.     

Economic liberalization and price response of aggregate private investment: time series evidence from India

Abstract.  This paper presents evidence on the effects of economic liberalization of 1991 on the price responsiveness of aggregate private investment in India. The wide ranging reforms are expected to increase the price response of private investment due to (i) the Le Chatelier effect, (ii) a higher price elasticity of demand for final goods, and (iii) possible relaxation of the credit constraint. The empirical results, based on alternative specifications, estimation methods, and sample periods, show a dramatic increase in the price response; the elasticity of investment with respect to the relative cost of capital has increased five times after the dismantling of the 'Licence Raj.'     

中国钢铁长期需求:影响因素与政策选择

近年来,我国钢铁工业得到了长足的发展。但随着国内外市场供求关系变化,钢铁工业供求结构不相适应的矛盾日益显现。钢铁工业要实现可持续发展,必须重视对市场长期需求规律的研究,将数量增长和产品结构调整相结合。本文利用协整方程对市场经济条件下经济增长等因素对我国钢铁工业推动作用进行动态分析,探讨钢铁市场的长期需求规律,对于当前钢铁产业政策发展导向、政策选择等提出建议。     

品牌需求价格弹性与市场份额的关系——国内手机行业实证研究

文章用回归估计的方法计算了国内手机行业22个品牌的价格弹性,并对价格弹性与市场份额的关系进行了实证研究.实证结果显示,市场份额越大,价格弹性越朝负的方向变动,这与国外实证研究的结果相反,反映了转型过程中中国手机市场的特征.同时,与以往很多研究所采用的线性回归方程不同,价格弹性与市场份额之间的关系是非线性的,回归方程为逆函数.价格弹性与市场份额环比发展速度之间也存在着显著的关系,回归方程为二次函数.     

中国长期煤炭需求:影响与政策选择

本文采用协整技术研究中国煤炭需求的长期均衡关系,估计出中国煤炭需求的长期收入弹性、价格弹性、结构弹性以及运输成本弹性;预测未来长期煤炭需求并分析其对环境、煤炭供给和煤炭价格的影响;模拟解释变量不同增长率下煤炭需求的演变并给出政策选择。中国高速经济增长是煤炭需求增长的主要原因。GDP是引导煤炭需求的原因,但煤炭需求不是引导GDP增长的原因,这也说明了将GDP作为解释变量的合理性。变量模拟得出的政策选择是工业结构的调整,即便是微调,也会对煤炭需求有很大的抑制作用;煤炭出厂价格的变动对煤炭需求变动的影响不太大,但煤炭需求对运输成本相当敏感,因而煤炭的最终价格对煤炭需求影响很大。     

Elasticities of substitution between energy and non-energy inputs in China power sector

Energy substitution is considered as a key process to determine the economic outcome of decisions related to energy and environment policies. The sign and magnitude of energy substitution have been widely debated, and the results are divergent. This paper applies the translog cost function specification to estimate factor share equations based on the energy and non-energy inputs, whose coefficients are used to observe the energy degree of substitutability with the other traditional inputs for power industry in China. The results suggest that energy is the least price sensitive among three production factors. The four types of input elasticities (cross-price, Morishima's, Allen and McFadden's shadow elasticity of substitution) show that there are substantial substitution possibilities between energy and capital, while energy and labor have weak substitution. The findings imply that for power industry in China, to reduce energy consumption, more capital should be invested. With respect to labor, though, it appears less energy-saving potential.     

国际农产品价格如何影响了中国农产品价格?

本文使用月度数据考察国际农产品价格是否影响中国农产品价格,以及影响程度和可能的影响机制。在控制了其他影响因素的条件下,本文证实了国际农产品价格对国内价格具有经济意义上的显著影响,各种农产品的国内价格对相同产品国际价格的反应程度存在较大差异,玉米、大米和大豆价格的国际价格弹性介于0.20到0.36之间,小麦的国际价格弹性为0.05左右,国内外农产品市场间高度的整合关系主要是通过国际贸易建立的。中国在未来为保持粮价稳定需要加大对农业的扶持力度,加强国内农产品储备,合理地对农产品贸易进行管制,建立农产品价格预警机制,并通过财政补贴等手段平抑因国际价格波动而带来的国内农产品价格上涨。     

Marginal Tax Rates and Tax‐Favoured Pension Savings of the Self‐Employed: Evidence from Sweden*

In recent years, the study of how individuals respond to policies that aim at promoting pension savings has emerged as a vital area of economic research. This paper adds to this body of literature by estimating the tax price elasticity of contributions to tax‐favoured pension‐savings accounts on a population of self‐employed individuals. I exploit a unique total database over the Swedish population that covers the years 1999–2005. Using instrumental variables, I obtain a tax price elasticity estimate of ?0.51 and an income elasticity estimate of 0.13, whereas ordinary least‐squares (OLS) produces estimates that conflict with consumer theory.     

Optimal NGO Financing of a Resource Management Certification Scheme

The development of voluntary certification schemes in areas as diverse as fish, coffee and forestry offer the promise of environmental improvements without the requirement of governmental regulation and intervention. In many cases, however, the costs to landholders of making the transition are too large for them to do so. At the same time, the large intermediaries appear to have little economic incentive to introduce certification because the market does not adequately value the environmental benefits. Instead, NGOs and other aid and development agencies who would like to see small producers benefit from the change in production practices have typically stepped in to provide financial support for certification. This paper shows how voluntary price discrimination (in the form of donations) by the consumers that most highly value certification can be used to finance a switch to environmentally sustainable practices and thus address a market failure. This analysis shows that an NGO’s optimal intervention depends on the size of its budget, the elasticity of supply of the product, and the elasticity of participation by producers. NGOs with smaller budgets rely more heavily on lump sum transfers to the intermediary and less heavily on volume and participation-dependent subsidies. Volume and participation dependent subsidies are inversely related to the elasticity of supply and the elasticity of participation in a standard Lerner relationship.     

The flexibility of household electricity demand over time

Empirical estimates of long run effects on residential electricity demand from changes in the electricity price are usually estimated by cross-sectional variation in the current stock of electric household appliances across households at a certain point in time. Here, we use a discrete–continuous approach modeling the long run effects by investments in new appliances. We apply the annual Norwegian Survey of Consumer Expenditure for the period 1975 to 1994 to estimate the short and long run own price elasticities in the two approaches. We find the estimated long run elasticity only slightly more price elastic than the short run. We also find that the long run elasticity does not differ significantly between the two approaches. The reason for both results is that, since there is no alternative source of energy for these appliances, there are no substitution effects.     

重庆市天然气价格调整的经济影响

文章分别从天然气价格与可替代能源价格的定量关系、天然气的价格与其消费量的关系、天然气消费量的GDP弹性三个方面分析重庆市天然气价格调整的经济影响,然后给出相应的政策建议.     

Valuing ecosystem services: A shadow price for net primary production

We analyze the contribution of ecosystem services to GDP and use this contribution to calculate an empirical price for ecosystem services. Net primary production is used as a proxy for ecosystem services and, along with capital and labor, is used to estimate a Cobb Douglas production function from an international panel. A positive output elasticity for net primary production probably measures both marketed and nonmarketed contributions of ecosystems services. The production function is used to calculate the marginal product of net primary production, which is the shadow price for ecosystem services. The shadow price generally is greatest for developed nations, which have larger technical scalars and use less net primary production per unit output. The rate of technical substitution indicates that the quantity of capital needed to replace a unit of net primary production tends to increase with economic development, and this rate of replacement may ultimately constrain economic growth.     

能源消费、经济资本化与节能减排

本文借助面板协整技术考察能源消费与中国经济增长的关系,基于经济资本化视角经验分析中国节能减排战略的现实选择.研究结果显示:(1)能源消费与经济增长存在长期稳定关系,无论长期还是短期,“能源中性”假说均不成立;(2)地区间能源产出弹性差异较大,各地区适宜制定差别化的节能减排目标;(3)为增长而挖掘和重估各项资源经济价值的经济资本化模式不利于节能减排战略的实施.     

能源价格与中国碳排放量的调节

利用直接效用模型与岭回归分析方法,以1989—2009年的年度数据为样本,以能源价格为解释变量,碳排放量为被解释变量,能源消费、能源效率和经济发展为中间变量,初步探究能源价格波动对中国碳排放量的调节作用。结果表明：无论是能源价格变量单独作用还是与其他变量联合作用,能源价格都会对碳排放量产生不同程度的调节作用,调节程度的强弱主要取决于引入变量与碳排放量之间的相关性。     

国际贸易结算币种内生选择机制研究——兼论人民币国际结算前景

本文从出口商期望利润最大化视角出发,梳理出一个国际贸易结算币种选择的微观分析框架。研究结果表明,在满足政治经济稳定性、货币的可兑换性、外汇市场的发达程度等前提条件下,需求价格弹性大小、汇率的波动性是影响结算币种选择的关键因素。     

中国进出口价格弹性研究

本文通过建立中国进出口弹性模型和行业计量经济模型,测算和研究了中国进出口弹性问题.主要研究结论是:第一,中国中长期出口价格弹性和进口价格弹性分别为-0.8579和-1.0774;第二,中国大部分行业的出口价格弹性小于1,特别是农业、石油及天然气开采业、纺织业、化学工业、仪器仪表及文化办公用机械制造业以及社会服务业价格弹性绝对值都在0.5左右.适当提高价格对增加这些部门的收入是有利的;第三,中国大部分行业进口需求价格弹性小于或接近于1;石油及天然气开采业的进口价格需求弹性为异常值,为 1.3148,说明:对于原油这样的战略性物资应该反市场操作,中东出现安全时价低时吃进以为战略储备,而出现危机时抛出以平抑国内原油市场价格的加速上扬.     

Deterministic heterogeneity in tastes and product differentiation in the K-logit model

In this paper we use the K-deformed multinomial logit model to study product differentiation. The focus is on the economic interpretation of the deformation parameter which is the key parameter of this model. Then we establish the relationship between this parameter and probability choice, price elasticity and markup.