Eco-Labeling and Horizontal Product Differentiation

This paper investigates the impact of eco-labels on the abatement of emissions in a market with horizontal product differentiation. A distinction is made between an end-of-pipe abatement method and a clean technology approach. In the former case underinvestment is likely to occur even if the marginal willingness to pay for abatement of consumers is equal to the social marginal benefit of abatement. The level of abatement depends on the number of firms and on the number of consumers. For a large market with few firms overinvestment in abatement is also possible. Clean technology abatement achieves a first best level regardless of market size if all consumers have a marginal willingness to pay for abatement equal to its social benefit.     

Environmental Product Differentiation and Environmental Awareness

In this paper, we have considered a duopolistic model of environmental product differentiation with two types of consumers (green and brown) to analyze how environmental awareness affects the environment. “Green” consumers value the physical and environmental attributes of the good they purchase while “brown” consumers only value the physical attributes. We find that more environmental awareness may not be good news for the environment as the firm that produces the good without environmental attributes may increase its sales. The result depends on the degree of product differentiation and the cost to achieve it. Social welfare can also be inversely related to environmental awareness if the negative environmental effect dominates the positive market effect.      

渠道与产品差异下的供应链技术创新协同策略

考虑电子直销渠道,构建了由两个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链的技术创新协同模型,研究了其中一个制造商引入电子直销渠道后产品替代度和渠道替代度对零售商的创新补贴、两制造商的批发折扣以及供应链技术创新协同策略的影响。研究发现:产品差异性越小、渠道替代度越大,越有利于实施技术创新协同策略;仅从利润视角看,技术创新协同策略无法实现供应链系统的帕累托改进,但将之与市场份额视角相结合来看,能在一定程度上缓解渠道冲突,对各成员都有益。     

关于产品差别问题研究的回顾与综述

产品差别问题既是微观经济学中分析垄断竞争的出发点又是当代西方产业经济中重要的前沿问题。本文比较系统地回顾了产品差别问题的研究历程,综述了产品差别研究中的重要观点和成果,概要展示了最新的研究动态,还对产品差别前期研究结果作了一个简单的评价。     

供应商规模、产品差异与通道费定价策略

传统理论对通道费的解释是大型零售商相对于供应商所具有的市场势力,本文借助双边市场的分析框架,将大型零售商视为一个为供应商和消费者提供交易服务的平台厂商,通过向双方分别收取通道费和零售加价来获得利润。用户数量和交叉网络外部性是影响大型零售商利润和通道费定价策略的重要因素,产品差异对交叉网络外部性的强弱有重要影响,通道费的高低则与供应商的规模与市场份额密切关系。     

下游竞争、买方谈判能力与上游产品差异化

基于零售商谈判能力的差异,构建完全信息动态博弈模型,考察下游竞争程度、买方谈判能力对上游产品差异化策略激励的影响.结果表明,下游市场竞争与买方谈判能力对产品差异化的激励不存在替代效应;当零售商不具有买方谈判能力时,市场竞争程度通过影响上游利润激励供应商的产品差异化策略,竞争程度不影响批发价格;当主导零售商具有买方谈判能力时,谈判能力通过影响批发价格激励供应商的产品差异化策略;市场竞争削弱了消费者效用水平,而买方谈判能力改善了消费者效用水平.     

基于网络外部性的产品差异化与兼容性选择

本文研究了网络外部性与转移成本存在下的新进入企业的产品差异化与兼容性选择问题,并考虑了在位企业的兼容性动机。研究结果表明:对于新进入企业而言,只存在两种策略组合,即(最大差异化,不兼容)和(最大差异化,兼容);在位企业是偏好兼容的。     

产品差异化下的纵向限制及其竞争效应

垄断制造商在品牌差异度足够低时有激励实施纵向限制,但这是以消费者剩余和社会福利为代价的,而且损失都随着商品差异度特别是品牌内差异度的提高而提高.因此,纵向限制反垄断应该关注限制方非价格竞争程度较低、特别是同时被限制方非价格竞争程度较高的情况.     

Emission Taxes and Product Differentiation in the Presence of Foreign Firms

Industries characterized by differentiated products are important contributors of greenhouse gases and currently subject to market‐based policies such as emission taxes. In the context of developing countries, fears about foreign investment leaving the country are often used as an argument not to address industry emissions through emission taxes. This paper develops a Cournot model with product differentiation in the presence of abatement efforts where host and foreign firms are subject to an emission tax. The analysis indicates that abatement efforts and differences in pollution intensity coefficients across firms may play a significant role in the characterization of optimal policy. The analysis also suggests that the government may opt to encourage foreign, less pollution‐intensive firms via higher taxation. Additionally, this paper examines how an optimal emission tax may be adjusted as products become more differentiated; industry emissions may fall/rise as a result of more differentiated products. One important contribution of this paper is that it emphasizes the role of abatement efforts, product differentiation, and differences in pollution intensity coefficients across firms in the characterization of the optimal emission tax.     

基于垂直产品差异的技术扩散分析

针对网络外部性和产品差异程度在新产品技术扩散中的作用,采用垂直产品差异分析框架和动态分析方法,分析了在双寡头垄断环境中新技术在不同条件下的扩散路径。研究结果表明:当产品差异-外部性系数(即网络外部性强度和产品差异程度之比)较小时,新技术总能够在市场中成功生存,特别是当消费者偏好差异不是很大时,新技术最终能够垄断整个市场;当该系数较大时,只有当新技术期初的网络规模超越了一定阀值后,它才能在市场中成功扩散。厂商可根据产品差异-外部性系数、期初网络规模铺设成本及新技术在市场中生存的期限等因素选择最佳的新技术扩散路径。     

Price Competition and Product Differentiation When Consumers Care for the Environment

Increasing environmental awareness may affect the pleasure of consuming a good for which an environment friendly substitute is available. In this paper, we investigate the market implication of product differentiation when customers are concerned about environmental aspects of the good. We use the spatial duopoly model to determine how environmental concern affects prices, product characteristics and market shares of the competing firms. Our analysis is based on a two-stage game, where at the first stage each firm chooses the characteristic of its product. At the second stage, each firm chooses its price. Equilibrium prices and market shares are affected by consumer awareness of the environment and by the higher costs for producing those goods. As for the Nash equilibria in the characteristics, we find three equilibria depending on the parameter constellation. In order to find out whether the market functions in an optimal way, we determine the choice of environmental characteristics by a welfare maximizing authority. The objective of the paper is to understand the environmental quality choices facing firms and to provide policies that would align private choices with the social optimum.JEL classifications: L11, Q38, H23     

Redistributive Taxation and Public Education

This paper examines the relative effectiveness of publicly provided ‘white collar’ professional (university) education versus ‘blue collar’ vocational training in achieving the government's redistributive goals. Although professional education directly benefits high‐skill high‐income workers and vocational training directly benefits low‐skill low‐income workers, we show that either provision of more professional education or less vocational training than in the first‐best allocation is optimal along the second‐best Paretian frontier since this facilitates incentive compatibility in labor supply decisions. Accordingly, the observation that public higher education expenditures in most countries favor universities is not necessarily inconsistent with an optimal redistributive program.     

分化与综合:中国财政学发展趋势

财政学作为经济学的重要分支不仅在经济学分化综合的过程中占有重要地位，同时也受到经济学分化综合发展趋势的影响。中国社会主义财政学自产生以来，主要是马克思主义指导下沿分化综合的路径发展演进的。社会主义市场经济条件下，中国财政学具有逐渐转向国家分配论与公共经济学相综合的趋势，即向政府经济学综合。     

基于产品差异化的乘用车产品定价策略研究

我国乘用车市场的产品之间存在三种产品差异,即垂直差异、水平差异和信息差异。垂直差异存在于不同细分市场的产品之间,水平差异存在于同一细分市场的产品之间,而信息差异使得所有产品分为领导产品和跟随产品两大类型。这三种差异的存在使得企业只有根据自身产品的情况合理地制定价格才能实现利润最大化。如果企业的产品是跟随产品,则它应该以同细分市场的领导产品为标杆制定价格。如果企业的产品是领导产品,则它应该与相关细分市场的领导产品保持合理价差。上海大众汽车公司自2001年以来的主要产品的定价行为及效果,验证了该分析框架在现实中的有效性。     

我国农村公共产品供给的经济学分析

建设社会主义新农村,是全面建设小康社会的重要任务.目前,我国经济发展已基本上进入以工促农、以城带乡的新阶段,统筹城乡发展,实行"工业反哺农业、城市支持农村"方针的具体措施就是加强农村公共产品供给.通过对农村公共产品内涵的界定及其经济学的理论分析,指出加强政府供给的重要作用和我国农村公共产品供给困境的政策选择.     

On the Market for Principles of Economics Textbooks: Innovation and Product Differentiation

Tabular data are provided on the journals that have published economic education articles, the topics covered, and the individual authors. Institutions are ranked by their contributions to the economic education literature.     

Tax Effects in a Model of Product Differentiation: A Note

We investigate how unit (or specific) tax and ad valorem tax affect equilibrium location choice in a model of product differentiation, which includes Hotelling (linear-city) and Vickrey-Salop (circular-city) spatial models as special cases. We find that neither tax affects equilibrium location patterns as long as each firm has the same production cost. Two taxes can yield different location patterns under cost heterogeneity among firms.     

澳大利亚教育“去管制化”与“教育公共化”运动

本篇主旨为探讨澳大利亚的教育变革是在去管制化趋势下,朝向偏重资源运用的效率、市场竞争导向和消费者利益为考虑的变革,对教育本身产生价值冲击。去管制化政策保障新市场的运行,扩大既成市场利润,导致教育资源的垄断和财团化。这也意味着财团的权力扩大,社会冲突增加,公民权力受到限缩与压制。其结果）中击到澳大利亚人民一百多年来所建立的平等主义、进步主义和多元文化等人文社会价值,以及这些价值所体现的不分阶级、性别、种族和国籍的社会内容与教育哲学。随着新自由主义的管理主义导向,这些传统价值逐渐流失。于是,澳大利亚教育工会和公共大学协会等公民组织开始反思新自由主义所带来的危害,他们经由倡议、论辩与活动,提出不同的观点与行动策略。本文旨在探讨澳大利亚公民社会自20世纪90年代以来如何对新自由主义去管制化政策进行批判,如何重新组织教育,如何经由论辫提出建设性的方案。