基于客户关系管理的数据挖掘技术的应用

数据挖掘技术在客户关系管理中的应用在国内尚属一个全新的领域。文章从信息技术的角度,定义了客户关系管理的概念,总结了客户关系管理中常用到的数据挖掘的算法,制定了数据挖掘技术应用于客户关系管理中的具体流程,为企业的客户关系管理应用数据挖掘技术提供了有价值的参考。     

Centralized Resource Allocation Using Data Envelopment Analysis

While conventional DEA models set targets separately for each DMU, in this paper we consider that there is a centralized decision maker (DM) who “owns” or supervises all the operating units. In such intraorganizational scenario the DM has an interest in maximizing the efficiency of individual units at the same time that total input consumption is minimized or total output production is maximized. Two new DEA models are presented for such resource allocation. One type of model seeks radial reductions of the total consumption of every input while the other type seeks separate reductions for each input according to a preference structure. In both cases, total output production is guaranteed not to decrease. The two key features of the proposed models are their simplicity and the fact that both of them project all DMUs onto the efficient frontier. The dual formulation shows that optimizing total input consumption and output production is equivalent to finding weights that maximize the relative efficiency of a virtual DMU with average inputs and outputs. A graphical interpretation as well as numerical results of the proposed models are presented.     

Measuring and relating aggregate and subaggregate total factor productivity change without neoclassical assumptions

This article considers the relation between total factor productivity measures for individual production units and those for aggregates such as industries, sectors or economies. This topic has been treated in a number of influential publications, such as Hulten (1978), Gollop (1979) and Jorgenson et al. (1987). What distinguishes this article from other publications in this area is that I deliberately avoid the making of all kinds of (neoclassical) structural and behavioural assumptions, such as the existence of production frontiers with certain properties, or optimizing behaviour of the production units. In addition, I also treat dynamic ensembles of production units, characterized by entry and exit. Thus, a greater level of generality is achieved from which the earlier results follow as special cases.     

Average treatment effects for stayers with correlated random coefficient models of panel data

Correlated random coefficient (CRC) models provide a useful framework for estimating average treatment effects (ATE) with panel data by accommodating heterogeneous treatment effects and flexible patterns of selection. In their simplest form, they lead to the well-known difference-in-differences estimator. CRC models yield estimates of ATE for “movers” (i.e., cross-sectional units whose treatment status changed over time) while ATE for “stayers” (i.e., cross-sectional units who retained the same treatment status over time) are not identified. We study additional restrictions on selection into treatment that lead to the identification of ATE for stayers by an extrapolation from quantities identified by the CRC model. We discuss estimation and testing of the extrapolation's validity, then use our results to estimate the returns to agricultural technology adoption among maize farmers in Kenya.     

Sustainability Targets in Executive Remuneration: Targets,Time Frame,Country and Sector Specification

Existing remuneration plans for CEOs still mainly focus on financial performance and do not necessarily promote sustainable value creation for their firms. By way of reaction to this, a growing number of academics and practitioners are acknowledging the need for the inclusion of sustainability targets in executive remuneration. This study examines the current status of the use of sustainability targets in executive remuneration specified by country, sector and targets. Based on a sample of 490 listed firms from 11 countries and different sectors, the use of targets related to sustainability in executive remuneration is assessed. The targets are specified by kind of target (short term and long term) and content of target (environmental, social or a combination of both). The results of this study show that (a) in 2010 on average 33% of the firms used sustainability targets in remuneration, (b) mainly the ‘dirty’ industries use targets, (c) the targets used are mainly short‐term targets and (d) they focus on social issues. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

Enhanced network effects and stochastic modelling in generation expansion planning: Insights from an insular power system

Electricity generation capacity expansion is driven by both economic and socio-political realities. Policy makers determine public infrastructural decisions, such as climate and renewable targets, and transmission infrastructure, and the optimal generation capacity expansion follows. Policy makers therefore require planning models that can determine the optimal generation capacity mix in the long run under various scenarios, including policy choices. This work presents a planning model based on linearised alternating current optimal power flow which determines optimal generation capacity expansion and operation, in a least-cost manner, given global and local technical constraints, as well as policy decisions. We apply the model to a test case of the island of Ireland, which has two weakly interconnected systems, high renewable generation targets and low storage and interconnection. We determine the optimal generation expansion and operation out to 2030 considering the effects of increased multi-area interconnection, existing fossil fuel generation phase-out and increased renewable generation targets and carbon prices. Our results find that costs and emissions are driven primarily by the decommissioning of old inefficient generation units. High renewable targets, on the other hand, render increased carbon prices relatively ineffective in reducing system emissions. Furthermore, high renewable generation targets crowd out low-carbon power generation options such as carbon capture and storage (CCS). The strategic north-south interconnection has little effect on renewable energy source installations required to achieve renewable power generation targets but does impact on security of supply and the congestion level across the island.     

Local environment as a pitfall in the performance measurement of multi-site operations

The purpose of this paper is to disseminate an empirical observation that the external environment influences the data from performance metrics in a multi-site field service setting. The observation is made from real performance measurement data from 29 local units of a machinery manufacturer. We propose that the heterogeneity of local environments increases Type I and Type II errors in evaluating performance against targets and reduces the comparability of local units. These findings imply distortions in the managerial control effect of performance measurement and in decision making on interventions and improvements. As a practical implication, this study emphasizes the need for contextual understanding in the proper use of performance measurement numbers.     

Aggregate vs. disaggregate data analysis—a paradox in the estimation of a money demand function of Japan under the low interest rate policy

We use Japanese aggregate and disaggregate money demand data to show that conflicting inferences can arise. The aggregate data appears to support the contention that there was no stable money demand function. The disaggregate data shows that there was a stable money demand function. Neither was there any indication of the presence of a liquidity trap. Possible sources of discrepancy are explored and the diametrically opposite results between the aggregate and disaggregate analysis are attributed to the neglected heterogeneity among micro units. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a cointegrating relation among aggregate variables when heterogeneous cointegration relations among micro units exist. We also conduct simulation analysis to show that when such conditions are violated, it is possible to observe stable micro relations, but unit root phenomena among macro variables. Moreover, the prediction of aggregate outcomes, using aggregate data, is less accurate than the prediction based on micro equations, and policy evaluation based on aggregate data ignoring heterogeneity in micro units can be grossly misleading. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficiency and Global Scale Characteristics on the “No Free Lunch” Assumption Only

In a production technology, the type of returns to scale (RTS) associated with an efficient decision making unit (DMU) is indicative of the direction of marginal rescaling that the DMU should undertake in order to improve its productivity. In this paper a concept of global returns to scale (GRS) is developed as an indicator of the direction in which the most productive scale size (MPSS) of an efficient DMU is achieved. The GRS classes are useful in assisting strategic decisions like those involving mergers of units or splitting into smaller firms. The two characterisations, RTS and GRS, are the same in a convex technology but generally different in a non-convex one. It is shown that, in a non-convex technology, the well-known method of testing RTS proposed by Färe et al. is in fact testing for GRS and not RTS. Further, while there are three types of RTS: constant, decreasing and increasing (CRS, DRS and IRS, respectively), the classification according to GRS includes the fourth type of sub-constant GRS, which describes a DMU able to achieve its MPSS by both reducing and increasing the scale of operations. The notion of GRS is applicable to a wide range of technologies, including the free disposal hull (FDH) and all polyhedral technologies used in data envelopment analysis (DEA).     

The effect of mergers and acquisitions on environmental,social and governance performance and market value: Evidence from EU acquirers

This study explores the effect of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance on market value and performance in the context of mergers and acquisitions. We examine whether acquisition of targets with better ESG performance can help acquirers to increase their own ESG performance and whether the market values the increased ESG performance positively. Moreover, we explore whether the acquisition of targets with better ESG performance affects the market value of acquirers. For this study, we utilize a sample of 100 European mergers and acquisitions between 2003 and 2017, for which matching data on the ESG performance of both the target and acquiring firms are available. Our results show that the postmerger ESG performance of the acquirer increases following the acquisition of a target that has higher ESG performance than that of the acquirer in the premerger stage, whereas the postmerger market value of the acquirer increases following an increase in the acquirer's postmerger ESG performance in relation to its premerger ESG performance. Finally, we provide partial evidence of a positive relationship between the postmerger market value of the acquirer and the acquisition of a target with higher ESG performance than itself in the premerger stage.     

Recombination in digital innovation: Challenges,opportunities, and the importance of a theoretical framework

In this article I argue that the quest to establish digital innovation as a research domain is hindered by three challenges. As digital innovation research we are too often: a) reifying the agency of digital innovation actors; b) developing explanations of digital innovation detached from the specifics of digital technology, and c) developing overly specific explanations of digital innovation. I begin by providing a brief overview of the recombination perspective and considering why this perspective holds great appeal in the digital age. I then engage with Henfridsson et al.'s (2018) value spaces framework as a platform for framing value creation and value capture in relation to recombination in digital innovation. Next, I push Henfridsson et al.'s arguments one step further to discuss them in relation to what I consider to be the key challenges for digital innovation research. Illustrating with some of my own recent projects, I suggest that in order to fully address these challenges we need to (1) develop explanations of digital innovation acknowledging the complexity of sociomaterial interaction in digital innovation; (2) develop explanations of digital innovation building on the specifics of digital technology, and (3) develop explanations of digital innovation based on an oscillation between the specific and the general. The article concludes by pointing to future challenges and developments for digital innovation research.     

Analysis of technology pathway of China's liquid fuel production with consideration of energy supply security and carbon price

Efforts to provide alternative resources and technologies for producing liquid fuel have recently been intensified. Different levels of dependence on oil imports and carbon prices have a significant impact on the composition of the cost-minimizing portfolio of technologies. Considering such factors, how should China plan its future liquid fuel industry? The model for supporting the technology portfolio and capacity configuration that minimizes the total system cost until 2045 is described in this study. The results obtained for different carbon prices and levels of dependence on oil import indicate that the oil-to-liquid fuel (OTL) will remain dominant in China's liquid fuel industry over the next three decades. If the carbon price is low, the coal-to-liquid fuel (CTL) process is competitive. For a high carbon price, the biomass-to-liquid fuel (BTL) technology expands more rapidly. The results also reveal that developing the BTL and CTL can effectively reduce the oil-import dependency; moreover, a high carbon price can lead to the CTL being replaced with the low-carbon technology (e.g., BTL). Improvement in energy raw material conversion and application of CO₂ removal technologies are also effective methods to control carbon emissions for achieving the carbon emission goals and ultimately emission reduction targets.     

Coordination in global R&D organizations: An examination of the role of subsidiary mandate and modular product architectures in dispersed R&D organizations

International research and development (R&D) operations require a significant amount of coordination between the headquarters and the subsidiaries in order to integrate the dispersed activities in one final product. This article explores what mechanisms multinational companies (MNCs) use to coordinate their overseas R&D units. Based on a multiple case study involving nine MNCs with overseas R&D subsidiaries of varying mandates, we find that R&D sites with high technology and/or market orientation tend to be coordinated by informal mechanisms while sites with little technology and/or market orientation tend to be coordinated by formal mechanisms. Furthermore, it appears that this relationship is strongly affected by the product’s architecture: while rather complex R&D activities are conducted at the systems level and at sites with high technology orientation, less complex R&D activities are conducted at the component level at sites with low technology and market orientation. Finally, the findings suggest that modular product architectures have a coordinating effect in global R&D activities which have the power to lower firms’ overall coordination effort. The findings bear important implications for the effective coordination of MNCs’ international R&D subsidiaries.     

浅谈企业劳务派遣用工

劳务派遣是一种招聘和用人相分离的劳动力经营模式,它是指依法成立的劳务派遣公司根据企业(用工单位)的需要,派遣与其建立了劳动关系的劳务工到企业工作,企业支付用工费用的行为。劳务工与劳务派遣公司是法律上的劳动关系,而劳务工与企业是事实上的劳动关系。     

现代建筑施工技术的特点与经济效益

建筑业是一个古老的行业。及至现代,建筑业更成为社会进步的标志性产业。我国是人口大国,建筑业在我国发展迅速,施工技术日新月异。新技术的研发和应用是建筑企业和相关单位共同关注的问题,许多先进的技术已被我国所采纳,并在实际应用中得到了实惠。新技术的应用不但提高了工程的质量,而且节约了建筑施工所消耗的资源,从而降低了工程所需成本。本文从我国建筑业的基本情况出发,分析施工过程中的相关问题,通过引进新技术来提高我国施工技术的水平,从而加速我国建筑业的发展,提高施工效率和经济效益。     

精准扶贫政策下针对信用风险的防范研究——基于区块链技术

将区块链技术应用于精准扶贫能有效地解决精准扶贫中存在的信用风险等问题。精准扶贫政策自实施以来成效显著,但也面临扶贫对象遴选机制不成熟、动态监测缺失等问题。论文从区块链技术与精准扶贫相结合的角度出发,提出在精准扶贫的过程中,区块链技术的应用在技术研发、人才培养、资金投入以及法律监管方面还存在问题。论文提出政府大力支持多方协作攻克技术难题、积极培养研发与应用人才、加大资金投入、完善法律制度等策略,以期推动区块链技术助力精准扶贫。     

The zero lower bound,the dual mandate,and unconventional dynamics

This paper examines monetary policy when it is constrained by the zero lower bound (ZLB) on the nominal interest rate. Our analysis uses a nonlinear New Keynesian model with technology and discount factor shocks. Specifically, we investigate why technology shocks may have unconventional effects at the ZLB, what factors affect the likelihood of hitting the ZLB, and the implications of alternative monetary policy rules. We initially focus on a New Keynesian model without capital (Model 1) and then study that model with capital (Model 2). The advantage of including capital is that it introduces another mechanism for intertemporal substitution that strengthens the expectational effects of the ZLB. Four main findings emerge: (1) In Model 1, the choice of output target in the Taylor rule may reverse the effects of technology shocks when the ZLB binds; (2) When the central bank targets steady-state output in Model 2, a positive technology shock at the ZLB leads to more pronounced unconventional dynamics than in Model 1; (3) The presence of capital changes the qualitative effects of demand shocks and alters the impact of a monetary policy rule that emphasizes output stability; and (4) In Model 1, the constrained linear solution is a decent approximation of the nonlinear solution, but meaningful differences exist between the solutions in Model 2.     

Productivity Growth,Human Capital and Technology Spillovers: Nonparametric Evidence for EU Regions

This paper assesses the strength of productivity spillovers nonparametrically in a data set of 12 industries and 231 NUTS2 regions in 17 European Union member countries between 1992 and 2006. It devotes particular attention to measuring the catching up through spillovers depending on the technology gap of a unit to the industry leader and the local human capital endowment. We find evidence of a nonlinear relationship between the technology gap to the leader as well as human capital and growth in logs. Spillovers are smallest for units with a medium‐high technology gap to the leader, especially for regions where human capital endowments are low.     

Production technologies based on combined proportionality assumptions

The assumption of full proportionality is incorporated in the constant returns-to-scale (CRS) technology and allows for proportional scaling of inputs and outputs of production units. The assumption of selective proportionality was recently incorporated in the hybrid returns-to-scale (HRS) technology in which only a subset of outputs is proportional to a subset of inputs. In this paper we develop a production technology that exhibits both the full and selective proportionality at the same time. Real examples of such technology are pointed out. Subject to certain conditions, the DEA models based on this technology provide better discrimination than the CRS and HRS models.

A “calculus” for data envelopment analysis

DEA models are not amenable to differential arguments for extreme efficient units. Consequently, function representations of the approximating technology are not differentiable in the usual sense. Dually, this nondifferentiability is manifested by multiple optima to the Charnes et al. (Eur J Oper Res 2:429–444, 1978) DEA problem. This paper shows how a “calculus” can be applied to DEA, and, in particular, how this “calculus” resolves the resulting weight choice problem uniquely. The “calculus” is based on the concept of willingness to pay and well-known results in the convex analysis literature (Rockafellar, Convex analysis, 1970) for directional derivatives and their associated superdifferentials.