我国农产品市场风险的成因、影响及对策研究

农产品市场风险是农产品生产经营者面临的主要风险。农业的弱质性、农产品供求的变化、小规模的农业生产方式、环节过多的流通渠道、国际农产品市场价格的影响等是我国农产品市场风险产生的主要原因。农产品价格的波动,不仅影响农业自身的发展,还影响农民收入及农民的消费行为。我国应建立政府、市场、企业、农民为多元主体的农产品市场风险管理模式。     

必须加快农业结构调整

我国农业结构的调整正在深入,农民增收出现转机,但也面临着新的问题。加入世贸组织后,中国农业面临着一系列的挑战。主要来自于三个方面:一是国内农产品面临的冲击。我国大多数大宗农产品缺乏比较优势,缺乏竞争能力。二是政府对农业的管理体制,也会受到比较明显的冲击,比如现行的流通体制、外贸体制等。这种     

看“三农”问题 论农村经济的发展

一、农业产业结构不合理，农业生产率低下是影响农民增收的主要原因 农业结构的合理化伴随着农业科学技术的进步和农业生产力的提高。改革开放以来，我国农业结构进行了三次大型的调整并正在进行第四次战略结构调整，但是我国的农业产业结构仍然处于一种失衡的状态，农业的发展与市场的发展之间不相协调，从而导致农产品销售困难，严重影响农民收入的增长。     

21世纪初我国农业发展的思路与对策

21世纪初,我国国民经济的市场化改革将进一步推动农业的市场化进程,国内农产品市场的逐渐开放也将迅速提高国内农业的国际化水平;在这样的背景下,21世纪初应当将我国农业的功能定位为就业和赢利,抛弃在特殊的历史条件下强加在农业之上的那些既妨碍农业发展又妨碍国民经济发展的附加功能。为此,必须对我国农业结构实行战略性调整,积极推进农业产业化进程,加快农产品市场体系建设,引导农民进行技术变革与技术创新,进一步推进农产品流通体制的市场化改革进程,构建适应于市场农业发展的农业政策和制度体系。     

跨国农业垄断公司对中国农业产业链的渗透与对策

在跨国农业垄断公司不断发展和壮大的过程中,其对于我国农业产业链的影响也在逐渐深入,对于国际农产品市场的控制力度也不断加强。基于此,通过介绍跨国农业垄断公司渗透我国农业产业链的三种方式,分析了中外农业企业竞争力的现状和形成的原因,并提出了我国农业产业应对跨国农业垄断公司渗透的有效策略。     

发挥政府在农业结构调整中的作用

当前,我国农业的发展以农业生产力的提高、农产品的供应充足和农民生活水平不断提高为标志,跨入了一个新的发展阶段。但是,随着市场约束的不断增大,农产品卖难、农村劳动力剩余、农民增收缓慢等问题也比较突出地显现出来。近三年我国进行农业和农村经济结构战略性调整,焕发了农民群众的极大热情,他们关注市场,勇于创新,并从中得到了多方面的好处。然而,由于我国农业信息化、市场化建设程度比较低,农民文化科技水平比较低,诸如信息不灵、行情不准、销售不畅等问题,仍严重制约着调整进程。这些农业基础性建设问题的解决,既是广大农民的迫切需要,也是加入WTO与世界经济接轨,实施政府对农业支持“绿箱政策”的基本内容。特别是在当前战略性调整起步阶段和结构转型的初期,加强政府在信息、科技和产业化经营等方面的引导和服务具有重要意义。     

浅议农业电子商务的特色创新与发展

我国是个农业大国,农产品的生产和销售一直是国家的一项大事、要事.然而,不少村镇的农产品都面临着“酒香也怕巷子深”的问题.由于地域偏远、信息不发达,很多农民抓不住市场脉搏,一直重复种植同种作物,或是听说某农产品销路好就一窝蜂“跟进”,最终导致农产品滞销,农民利益受损.在传统农业转型发展期,如何借助电子商务创新发展农业是本文研究的主要内容.     

坚持六个围绕 发挥三个作用切实加快农业结构调整步伐

当前农业正在进入一个新的发展阶段,面临新的矛盾和问题。其中比较突出的是,农产品的供求状况正在迅速发生变化,在农产品买方市场已经形成的情况下,市场约束越来越成为农业发展的主要矛盾,主要农产品已由长期短缺变成总量大体平衡,市场上一方面表现为低档次、大路货的农产品供给过剩,低价位运行;另一方面适应市场较高层次需求的优质名牌农产品价格坚挺,供不应求,“卖不出”与“买不到”的现象同时并存。在这样的形势下,调整农业结构不仅关系到农民增收的问题,而且还事关农村发展和稳定。就隆化县而言,如何使农业发展由计划经济向市场经济转…     

什么制约了农民收入的增长

长期以来,我国农业生产的主要目标是产量最大化以满足温饱,农民的收入水平低下,尤其是现金收入微乎其微。改革以后,获得独立经营权的农民有了极大的生产热情,加之市场机制引入和政府提高农产品收购价格,刺激了农业产量的增长,农民收入也增长很快。但近年来农民的收入增长停滞不前,农民增收形势严峻。随着经济的市场化、开放化,农民增收面临一些刚性制约:农产品收入弹性低、市场难以扩大,非农产业就业更趋困难,农业和农村投资不足,不合理负担过重等。可见,制约农民收入增长的因素越来越受国民经济增长和宏观政策环境的影响。     

制度创新和农业产业化经营的发展

农业是国民经济的基础,农业的发展程度和水平的高低对我国社会经济的发展起着至关重要的作用。表现在:它决定着农产品的市场竞争力、农民收入水平和农村经济发展的程度;决定着服务业的发展和工业化的进程,影响我国产业结构的合理化、高度化和现代化;决定着我国城乡、地区间的协调发展,并由此影响我国二元经济结构的转化。我国近几年经济发展的重要制约因素是国内需求不足,其中一个重要的方面是占人口大多数的农民需求不足。究其原因是农民收入增长缓慢,并且预期收入不稳定,这与我国农业生产力水平不高、农业现代化进程缓慢直接相关。因而加…     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

生物群落结构原型的仿生学模拟

模拟生命系统管理规律的科学即管理仿生学,是知识时代仿生学研究的新领域与前沿.基于模拟生物群落结构规律的研究目的,采用仿生学模拟的研究方法,以生物群落结构为原型,建立了仿生群落结构模型.结论为:垂直结构、水平结构、时间结构与交错区结构是支持生物群落生命活动的结构规律,以该规律为原型,推理建立了仿生分层结构、仿生优化结构、仿生动态结构与仿生相邻结构,四种仿生结构分别侧重于管理资源的分层管理、局部优化管理、动态过程管理、相邻关系管理,该模型为建立类似生物群落的人造管理系统即仿生群落管理系统提供了仿生结构模型.可以预测,该模型具有广泛的应用价值,能够推动管理仿生学的发展.