Venture Capital Investors, Capital Markets, Valuation and Information: US, Europe and Asia

This paper uses a large multi-country sample of venture capital firms to compare the approaches to investee valuation and sources of information used by venture capital investors in English, French and German legal systems as well as geographical regions. Different legal systems are significantly associated with the valuation mechanism used. In particular, compared to English-based Common Law systems, VC firms operating in a Germanic legal system are significantly more likely to use DCF based measures and significantly less likely to use PE comparators. This latter result is also the case for VC firms operating in a French legal system who are also significantly more likely to adopt historic cost valuation methods. VC firms in Europe and Asia are significantly less likely than US VC firms to make use of liquidation value methods but significantly more likely to use PE comparators. European firms are significantly less likely to adopt DCF methods compared to US VC firms. VC firms operating under a Germanic legal system are less likely to utilise information from the financial press but significantly more likely to use interviews with entrepreneurs. VC firms operating under a French legal system are more likely to utilise interviews with company personnel as well as sales and marketing information. VC firms in Europe and Asia are significantly more likely than US VC firms to use financial press. VC firms in Asia are significantly less likely to make use of interviews with entrepreneurs or business plan data. VC firms in Europe are significantly more likely to utilise sales and marketing information.     

Determinants of the Incidence and Scale of Seed Capital Investments by Venture Capital Firms

Employing both behavioral decision making and agency theories, our study seeks to identify those factors that influence a venture capital (VC) firm’s decision to undertake seed capital investments and, subsequently, the scale of such activity. Using data on the investments made by 2949 VC funds raised worldwide between 1962 and 2002, we find investor age, timing of investment, and fund location to be of importance. In addition, the size of the fund and the existing number of portfolio firms exert opposite influences on the level of seed capital activity of the VC firm. These results suggest that seed activity is a valuable source of market intelligence for leading VC firms seeking proactively to identify and invest in novel technologies.      

Realisations of Venture Capital Investments: The Case of Management Buy-outs in the UK

One of the most rapidly developing sectors of the financial services industry in the UK has been venture capital, and with it the growth of management buy-outs. As these markets have matured, increasing attention is being paid to issues associated with the realisation of gains for both institutions and equity-holding management. This article seeks to contribute to this area by examining the issues involved in the realisation of investments in management buy-outs. Based on detailed interviews with 24 managers of buy-outs which have exited, and on information drawn from the Centre for Management Buy-out Research database, the article considers the relative merits of flotations, trade sales, capital restructurings, secondary buy-outs, share redemptions etc. The article also addresses the agency cost issues involved in controlling buy-outs to enable institutions to achieve realisation of their investments at a price and timing which enable their targets to be met.     

跨境风险投资的联合投资模式与投资绩效评估——基于中国情境的实证研究

本文基于中国情境阐述了跨境风险资本联合投资、本土伙伴和联合投资网络位置特征与投资绩效的内在关联和作用路径,并对其关系进行实证检验。研究发现:(1)跨境风险资本联合投资比率与投资交易数间呈倒U型关系,本土伙伴数对投资交易数的影响为正,网络中心位置对投资交易数的影响也为正;(2)跨境风险资本联合投资比率与投资专业化程度间呈U型关系,本土伙伴数对投资专业化的影响并不显著,网络中心位置对投资专业化的影响为负;(3)跨境风险资本联合投资比率与投资退出的关系不显著,本土伙伴数对投资退出的影响为正,网络中心位置对投资退出的影响为正。     

The Deal Structuring Stage of the Venture Capitalist Decision‐Making Process: Exploring Confidence and Control*

This exploratory study examines the deal structuring stage of the venture capitalist decision‐making process. Here, the primary issues of concern are investor confidence and potential control of a venture in relation to the level of financing the investor provides and the structure with which the funding is delivered. Confidence comes in support of the entrepreneur, the venture itself, or a combination of the two, prior to capital transfer, but after the initial “invest or not invest” decision has already occurred. Findings support a multicriteria perspective of the pre‐investment decision‐making process and a distinct difference between entrepreneur confidence and venture confidence in the deal structuring stage.     

中小生物技术企业创业融资问题研究

世界现代生物技术发展已经进入大规模产业化阶段,生物技术企业是产业化的主要推动力量。我国生物技术企业普遍存在融资困难的问题．既有高新技术产业在融资中存在的普遍性问题,也有其自身的特殊问题。阐述生物产业特征与融资特点,分析我国生物技术企业融资现状和存在的问题,并提出政策建议。     

风险投资软环境中的风险投资家——性质、作用机理和筛选机制

在支撑风险投资制度成功移植的软环境因素研究问题上,从风险投资家生成和筛选机制这一研究视角出发,研究风险投资家人力资本的异质性质及其作为风险资本市场中心签约人的作用机理,认为优秀的风险投资家的生成和筛选机制是外生模仿型风险资本市场生成的关键的软环境。因此,我国需要建设系统的包括宏观和微观层面的生成和筛选机制。     

FOCUS: Risks in Business Ethics and Venture Capital

By creating new ventures and new job opportunities venture capital is essential to a dynamic economy. But it should also be fair and ethical at every stage. Professor Fassin explores the various ethical issues which arise between venture capitalists, entrepreneurs and investors. He teaches at the University of Mons (FUCAM) and has written widely on management. From 1988-1991 he was Secretary General of the European Venture Capital Association. He is partner of the Veerick School of Management of the University of Ghent.     

创业资本中的融资工具选择与融资策略选择:国外研究综述

国内对创业资本(VentureCapital)的探讨主要是运行机制方面的定性研究,对创业资本运作过程中涉及的融资工具选择及融资策略选择等问题的研究却很少,而近年来,国外这方面的研究已比较成熟,作者在此对国外相关文献进行了综述,希望能对国内这方面的研究有所裨益。     

实物期权及其在风险投资中的应用

从广义的期权定义中引出实物期权的概念,对金融期权和实物期权进行比较分析;并借鉴金融期权的定价方法,得出实物期权的定价公式。通过计算风险投资项目中实物期权的价值,比较含有实物期权的风险投资项目与一般投资项目的价值,可以看出在风险投资中引入实物期权的思想,对风险投资家做出正确的投资决策,以及对风险资本的保值增值有重大的指导意义。     

美、日风险投资运作机制及其借鉴

美、日风险投资运作机制不同,导致两国风险投资发展效果迥异。美国风险投资公司以有限合伙制为其主流组织形式,有发达的私人权宜资本市场和二板市场作为风险资本进入和退出的渠道,并且也形成了适宜于风险投资发展的人才和文化环境。而日本风险投资公司的组织形式、二板市场状况和文化环境等条件都难与风险投资发展的内在要求相适应。我国目前风险投资发展中存在许多问题,对美、日风险投资运作机制的分析能为我国发展风险投资提供重要的借鉴作用。     

我国风险投资业的发展现状、问题及建议

通过对我国风险投资发展现状的分析,本文从宏观环境和微观运营等角度,指出了我国风险投资发展中存在风险投资主体严重缺乏,投资规模较小,缺少风险投资运作的法律环境支持,参与各方对风险投资的认识和理念还不成熟,资本市场不完善和资本趋利的流动性不足制约风险投资的发展等问题,并提出了可供借鉴的国际经验及对我国风险投资发展的建议。     

联合投资伙伴选择、伙伴关系与风险企业成长绩效关系研究

文章首先通过对西安地区的风险投资公司和风险企业的小样本调查完善了研究量表,然后,以南京、合肥、西安以及济南四地的112家风险企业为研究对象,通过可靠性检验、探索性因子分析以及典型相关分析研究了联合风险投资中伙伴选择、伙伴关系与风险企业成长绩效之间的关系.研究结果表明:在联合风险投资中,恰当的伙伴选择对建立良好的伙伴关系有积极的促进作用;恰当的伙伴选择对风险企业成长绩效有显著的促进作用;良好的伙伴关系对风险企业成长绩效有显著的促进作用.     

论美国、德国风险投资的退出机制

风险投资退出机制在风险投资中占有十分重要的地位。美国风险投资退出渠道主要以IPO和并购为主 ,而德国风险投资主要以股票回购退出为主。造成这种差异的原因主要有二板市场的发达度不同、投资主体的不同、投入创业阶段的不同和激励机制的差异等。     

家族社会资本、创业导向与初创期企业成长绩效关系研究

文章以135家企业为样本,运用多元回归分析与结构方程模型对家族社会资本、创业导向及企业成长绩效三者之间的关系进行了实证研究。结果表明,结构资本对创新性具有显著的正面影响,关系资本对风险承担性具有显著的正面影响,而创新性和先动性受到认知资本的影响。同时,结构资本能够提高企业的竞争绩效,关系资本有助于企业竞争绩效和潜力绩效的提高,而认知资本对企业潜力绩效具有显著的促进作用。在家族社会资本、创业导向和初创期企业成长绩效的关系链中,创业导向具有显著的中介作用。     

资源稀缺、技术冲击与风险投资退出时机

通过建立风险投资退出时机选择模型,运用2004~2011年中国风险投资退出的季度数据考察了技术冲击和市场利率等因素变化对风险投资退出时机的影响。研究发现：（1）资源稀缺的程度与风险投资退出时机的选择有着非常紧密的联系;（2）市场利率的变化对风险投资的退出行为的影响具有不对称性：市场利率下降可能会导致风险投资加速退出质量较差的风险企业,同时却更长时间地持有质量较好的风险企业;（3）技术进步会增加风险企业的数量,提高风险投资市场上风险企业的平均质量,加速风险投资退出。     

Roles of Social Capital in Venture Creation: Key Dimensions and Research Implications*

This study was built upon Nahapiet and Ghoshal's three dimensions of social capital—structural, relational, and cognitive. It addresses three research questions: (1) Are there significant differences in social capital between nascent entrepreneurs and the general public (control group)? (2) Are there significant differences in social capital between technology and nontechnology nascent entrepreneurs? (3) How do the three dimensions of social capital interact among themselves across different sample groups? These questions were examined by using the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics data set. Results suggest that there are no significant differences in various dimensions of social capital between nascent entrepreneurs and the general public. What differentiates the two groups is not the amount of social capital but the patterns of association among its different dimensions. Additionally, the authors found that technology‐based nascent entrepreneurs tend to have a higher degree of relational capital than their nontechnology counterparts. Implications and future research directions are discussed.     

企业资本结构和供应商融资:基于违约风险的考察

以2003—2009年间的1757个公司年度为样本,考察企业资本结构对供应商融资(应付账款和预付账款)的影响。研究发现:企业的资本结构(财务杠杆)对应付账款比例具有显著的负向效应;企业的资本结构(财务杠杆)对预付账款比例具有显著的正向效应;投资者保护程度较强的企业(国有控股企业和大规模企业)能够获得更多的供应商融资。     

Drivers of Philanthropic Foundations in Emerging Markets: Family,Values and Spirituality

Journal of Business Ethics - This article discusses the ethics and drivers of philanthropic foundations in emerging markets. A foundation organizes assets to invest in philanthropic initiatives....