世界银行将首次在中国发行SDR债券

<正>中国人民银行8月12日发布消息称,世界银行获准在中国银行间债券市场发行特别提款权(SDR)计价债券,总规模为20亿特别提款权,结算货币为人民币,首批债券将于近期发行。这意味着,诞生47年后,增强SDR在国际货币体系中的作用,有望取得突破性进展。央行称,这是推动特别提款权金融工具市场化的有益尝试,有利于进一步促进扩大特别提款权的使用,从而增强国际货币体系的稳定性和韧性。特别     

美元、欧元在对外经济交往中计价使用情况对我国的启示

货币在国际经济交往中充当计价货币,不仅能降低货币发行国居民的汇率风险、促进贸易投资便利化,而且能够增强国际影响力。本文通过考察美元、欧元在对外交往中的计价使用情况,得出了其对人民币的有效启示。     

人民币入篮后SDR债券市场风险收益特征北大核心CSSCI

本文在人民币入篮后中国与IMF积极推动扩大SDR使用的背景下,以2002~2016年月度数据为基础,利用模拟投资方法考察SDR债券市场的风险收益特征及其未来发展前景。结果表明:相比单币种计价债券,SDR债券具有显著和稳健的风险分散效应,能有效降低利率和汇率风险,并具有较高的风险调整收益。此外,SDR债券还具有提前配置的内在优势,人民币纳入SDR有助于进一步提升SDR债券吸引力;但SDR债券市场发展面临着货币权重相对固定、复杂性较高以及流动性不足等结构性障碍。     

人民币发挥国际计价货币职能的路径选择:驻锚货币的视角

本文针对人民币跨境流通使用后出现的结算货币与计价货币分离、人民币计价职能难以发挥等问题,从驻锚货币的角度进行了讨论和研究,认为成为货币锚是货币广泛发挥国际计价功能的集中体现和关键基础,也是一国货币国际化成败的最终标志。为此,本文构建了货币替代模型,研究人民币形成货币锚的初始选择,并在此基础上提出了相应发展路径。     

人民币发挥国际计价货币职能的路经选择：驻锚货币的视角

本文针对人民币跨境流通使用后出现的结算货币与计价货币分离、人民币计价职能难以发挥等问题,从驻锚货币的角度进行了讨论和研究,认为成为货币锚是货币广泛发挥国际计价功能的集中体现和关键基础,也是一国货币国际化成败的最终标志。为此,本文构建了货币替代模型,研究人民币形成货币锚的初始选择,并在此基础上提出了相应发展路径。     

人民币加入SDR货币篮子的意义及发展前景

随着经济全球化的不断发展,人民币加入SDR货币篮子的呼声越来越高涨。虽然我国的人民币已经逐渐满足相应的国际化标准,但在自由使用标准上面存在水平参差不齐的现象。人民币加入SDR货币篮子,可以逐渐提升IMF的自身形象,促进各国外储的多元化,也能够倒逼国内改革,有效提高人民币的国际地位。随着中国与各国经济交流的日益紧密,人民币加入SDR货币篮子具有较为广阔的发展前景,能够促进我国国民经济的稳步前进。因此,人民币加入SDR货币篮子势在必行。     

关于SDR作为国际储备货币相关问题的综述

后布雷顿森林体系下,现行以美元为主导的国际货币体系暴露出了重大内在缺陷,以SDR (Special Drawing Right特别提款权)作为国际储备货币的呼声日渐高涨,本文概括了关于SDR能否成为国际储备货币的背景、观点、原因以及建议     

关于SDR作为国际储备货币相关问题的综述

后布雷顿森林体系下,现行以美元为主导的国际货币体系暴露出了重大内在缺陷,以SDR(Special Drawing Right特别提款权)作为国际储备货币的呼声日渐高涨,本文概括了关于SDR能否成为国际储备货币的背景、观点、原因以及建议。     

特别提款权改革重启意义重大

历史上每一次金融危机都会引发人们对于现行国际货币体系的重新审视，此次危机后，国际上对于改革美元本位的国际货币体系的呼声一直不断。争论的焦点似乎更多集中于如何改造特别提款权，进一步发挥特别提款权的作用。在今年初的中美战略谈判中，美国同意有条件将人民币纳入SDR货币篮子；IMF负责人也认为将新兴市场国家货币纳入SDR货币篮子将有益于货币体系；一些国家对此的表态，还顿让市场揣测。     

试论“国际货币”

一、国际货币的概念"国际货币"是个常见的名词,尤其在有关国际金融一类书刊上更是屡见不鲜.顾名思义,国际货币应是指国际间通用的货币,但这样解释未免失于笼统,而且并不完全确切.一般说来,国际货币就是在一定时间、一定条件下各种国际间通用货币的总称.它在一定前提下,在国际间行使计价、交换、支付、购买职能,还可以用作国际储备资产.它是国内货币职能范围的扩大,是世界货币的低级形式.     

Government investment and the stock market

High rates of government investment in public sector capital forecast high risk premiums both at the aggregate and firm-level. This result is in sharp contrast with the well-documented negative relationship between the private sector investment rate and risk premiums. To explain the empirical findings, we extend the neoclassical q-theory model of investment and specify public sector capital as an additional input in the firm's technology. We show that the model can quantitatively replicate the empirical facts with reasonable parameter values if public sector capital increases the marginal productivity of private inputs.     

The effects of political, economic and institutional development on international banks

For the most part, the international banking system operated in a predictable manner seeking to maximize profitability and extend the reach, if not the grasp, of the individual banking institutions. Now, in the summer of 1983, we face a series of related economic and financial problems for which there is no simple solution and certainly no single solution. What must evolve is a series of governmental and banking policies and pratices which will first address the short-term problems but in a manner which will be consistent with long-term objectives. The banking system and individual banks must be given full assistance to deal with liquidity problems. The supervisory authorities must also insure that the banking system as a whole remains solvent. But where bad management decisions have destroyed the net worth of a bank — no matter how large — the supervisory authorities must permit such an institution to be reorganized. Banks are only part of the private sector if they are vulnerable, as every other company in the private sector is, to the fear of bankruptcy.     

Private sector share of external debt and financial stability: Evidence from bank loans

In the last two decades, the private sector has contracted a substantially larger share in the total amount of foreign-currency international debt (private sector share of external debt), especially in developing countries. In this paper, I empirically examine the effect of this phenomenon on bank loan prices. I find that the private sector share of external debt negatively and significantly impacts the price of bank loans. This result supports the hypothesis that private sector debt contributes to international financial stability to a greater degree than sovereign debt. Nevertheless, this impact is canceled out in the presence of fixed exchange regimes that are unsuitable with respect to fundamentals. In such circumstances, the private sector may take advantage of capital market distortions that are maintained by official authorities and thus exposes the country to further financial instability. Additional results corroborate the observation that the gain in financial stability stems from more efficient use of funds and reduced monitoring costs.     

Cross-listing and corporate malfeasance: Evidence from P-chip firms

The rapid growth of the private sector in China in recent decades has resulted in a large number of capital-hungry private sector firms. An increasing number of these firms choose to raise equity capital on international exchanges, which typically have stronger disclosure, corporate governance, and investor protection regulations. In light of international investors' and regulators' concerns about the corporate finance practice of China's private sector firms, particularly regarding the integrity of their reported earnings, we investigate whether these firms aggressively manipulate their accounts by examining those listed in Hong Kong, commonly known as P-chips. We find systematic evidence that P-chips engage in more earnings management and other corporate misbehaviors than their counterparts in Hong Kong. We posit and provide evidence consistent with cross-jurisdictional enforcement difficulty as a possible explanation for P-chips' questionable practices, and discuss its implications.     

Attracting private sector participation in infrastructure investment: the UK case

This article examines the potential for private sector organizations to contribute to public sector innovation. Specifically, the study explores how partnering with the private sector can go beyond delivery and extend to development of new services and new markets. The term ‘commercialization partnership’ is coined for such partnerships and the article describes an exploratory investigation of this emerging form of innovation.     

Inside the black box: Bank credit allocation in China’s private sector

This study examines how the Chinese state-owned banks allocate loans to private firms. We find that the banks extend loans to financially healthier and better-governed firms, which implies that the banks use commercial judgments in this segment of the market. We also find that having the state as a minority owner helps firms obtain bank loans and this suggests that political connections play a role in gaining access to bank finance. In addition, we find that commercial judgments are important determinants of the lending decisions for manufacturing firms, large firms, and firms located in regions with a more developed banking sector; political connections are important for firms in service industries, large firms, and firms located in areas with a less developed banking sector.     

特别提款权与国际货币体系改革

特别提款权是国际货币基金组织创立的一种国际储备资产,其从诞生之初就和国际货币体系改革联系在一起。本文简要回顾了特别提款权发展的历史过程,介绍了其定值以及分配方法。从目前的情况看,利用特别提款权直接取代主权信用货币的国际货币体系改革方式条件仍不成熟,而特别提款权替代账户则是一个较为现实的方案,这成为未来国际货币体系改革的方向。     

Bond Market Development,Economic Growth and Other Macroeconomic Determinants: Panel VAR Evidence

This paper examines causal relationships between bond market development, economic growth and four other macroeconomic variables in 35 countries for the period 1993–2011. Bond market development is defined in terms of the significance and presence of public sector, private sector, and international bond issues. Additional covariates being considered are the inflation rate, the real effective exchange rate, the real interest rate, and a measure of openness to international trade. We use a panel vector auto-regression model to reveal the nature of Granger causality among these variables. Specifically, we find that bond market development and the four macroeconomic covariates may be long-run causative factors for economic growth. Thus, policy makers seeking to foster economic growth are warned to check multi-causal studies involving all these variables before setting their policies.     

Wage Structures in the Private and Public Sectors in West Germany

In this paper, we investigate pay structures in the private and public sectors for West Germany. We commence by describing some basic features of the public sector. We use micro-data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the years 1984–93 to analyse developments and differences in public and private sector wage distributions for both males and females. We break wages down into different education groups and age-groups, and use regressions to construct conditional wage differentials. Our results differ in many aspects from findings for the UK. For instance, we find that although mean wages are higher in the public sector for both males and females, conditional wages are higher in the private sector for all education groups for males, but higher in the public sector for females. JEL classification: J3.     

Public private partnerships: Incentives, risk transfer and real options

Private financing of large-scale infrastructure projects through public private partnerships (PPPs) has grown in recent decades. Together with changes in conventional construction procedures, there have been changes in the project financing model. The use of PPPs raises questions as to the role of the private sector in infrastructure provision and the conditions governing the long-term contractual relationships between the private and public sectors. In some early examples of PPPs, the government guaranteed a minimum profitability over the cash flows using a set of contractual terms which transferred some of the risk of the project from the private provider back to the government. Using a large toll road project, the Melbourne CityLink Project, as a case study we show how the imposed conditions can be treated as real options, how these options affect the incentive to invest and how the public sector may be transferring considerable value to the private sector through government guarantees.