How does foreign entry affect domestic banking markets?

Using 7900 bank observations from 80 countries for the 1988–1995 period, this paper examines the extent and effect of foreign presence in domestic banking markets. We investigate how net interest margins, overhead, taxes paid, and profitability differ between foreign and domestic banks. We find that foreign banks have higher profits than domestic banks in developing countries, but the opposite is the case for developed countries. Estimation results suggest that an increased presence of foreign banks is associated with a reduction in profitability and margins for domestic banks.     

工商银行信贷竞争力提升研究

信贷竞争力是衡量商业银行经营管理水平的核心内容之一,主要表现为在有效控制风险前提下的市场拓展能力.我国国有商业银行的信贷经营无论是在盈利能力、资产质量等显性竞争力指标方面,还是在组织流程、营销能力、风险控制等隐性竞争力指标方面,与国内其他股份制商业银行或国外商业银行相比仍有一定差距.据此,本课题提出我国国有商业银行应以科学发展观正确认识信贷竞争力现状,准确理解信贷竞争力的特质,科学把握信贷竞争力的基本点;将宏观与微观相结合,探索从信贷战略管理、市场营销、组织流程、风险管理、服务创新、文化建设等6个方面提升信贷竞争力的具体途径.     

The economic effects of foreign bank presence: Evidence from the Philippines

This study examines the economic effects of the liberalization of foreign bank entry in the Philippines from 1990 to 2006. The findings provide strong evidence on the dominance of competition effects from foreign bank presence which lead to the reduction in the profitability and overhead costs of domestic commercial banks. These findings, which reveal that both the actual market penetration and mere presence of foreign banks seem to exert competitive pressure to domestic banks, imply that foreign banks may serve as an effective competitive force, reducing the excess profits earned by domestic banks and compelling domestic banks to update their production technologies and techniques to improve their cost efficiency.From a policy perspective, the findings on competition effects of foreign banks in the domestic banking system justify the liberalization of foreign bank entry in the Philippines. The main findings demonstrate that the goal of banking liberalization in transforming domestic banks to be more competitive and efficient works considerably well in the case of the Philippines. Aside from the policy of easing the entry of foreign banks, bank-specific conditions can have significant impact on the performance of domestic banks. Therefore, a sustained improvement in the efficiency of domestic commercial banks requires not only liberalizing the entry of foreign banks, but also on continued strengthening of domestic prudential regulation and supervision on the commercial banking system.     

大型商业银行国际竞争力:理论框架与国际比较

本文在总结国内外有关商业银行竞争力研究的基础上,提出了包含四组均衡关系的商业银行国际竞争力分析框架,即从资产与负债、收益与风险、创新与稳健、本地与扩张的角度来分析大型商业银行的国际竞争力问题,并结合英国《银行家》2006~2010年公布的全球大型银行财务数据展开实证分析,获得与理论框架相对应的规模、利润、稳健、增长4个解释因子。从实证结果来看,全球大型商业银行正在逐渐摆脱危机,但仍未完全恢复,我国的大型商业银行逐渐成长为有明显竞争优势的国际大银行,但仍需通过产品创新、资产运营、本地市场和风险管理提高国际竞争力。     

银行股权结构、治理机制与综合绩效关系的实证研究

本文选取了具有银行特性的变量,对我国境内部分上市银行股权结构、公司治理机制与综合绩效之间的关系进行了实证分析.分析结果发现,股权结构不是影响这些银行盈利能力的重要因素,大股东们更加关注其投资的安全性和未来的盈利能力;上市银行董事会在控制银行风险方面发挥了积极的作用,但外部董事对内部董事产生的挤出效应影响到董事会决策的质量;高管人员平均薪酬对银行盈利能力和流动性控制能力有显著的正面影响,现金补偿式的低报酬一业绩敏感性激励机制发挥了积极的作用;上市银行监事会偏离了其核心职责,没有发挥风险监督的作用.     

Domestic and multinational determinants of foreign bank profits: The case of Greek banks operating abroad

This paper examines the determinants of profits of Greek banks operating abroad by developing an integrated model that includes a set of determinants informed by the literature on the profitability of both multinational and domestic banks. The basis for our econometric analysis is provided by an unbalanced panel dataset for 19 Greek bank subsidiaries operating in 11 nations, covering the period from 1995 to 2001. The results show that the profitability of the parent bank and the operating experience of its host nation subsidiaries have a robust and positive impact on the profits of Greek banks abroad, whereas subsidiary bank size has a negative effect. Domestic financial factors reflecting stock market developments, bank-specific factors such as liquidity, loan loss provisions or cost efficiency, and market specific factors like concentration or market share in the host nations, are all insignificant in explaining Greek subsidiary banks’ profits.     

Loan loss provisions and income smoothing – Do shareholders matter?

In this paper, we aim to analyse the role of shareholders in the creation of discretionary loan loss provisions (LLP) and the use of LLP in income smoothing. Using a sample of over 200 Central European banks, we demonstrate that LLP and income smoothing of foreign-owned banks and state-owned banks differ from those of domestic private banks. Foreign and state banks create higher discretionary LLP than private domestic banks. Foreign banks use these LLP to perform discretionary income smoothing, while state banks, in general, do not smooth income. Higher LLP of foreign banks are observed in banks with low asset quality and high profitability. Foreign banks with low profitability that operate in volatile economic environments do not create higher discretionary LLP than domestic private banks. This implies that their risk is not lower than that of locally owned banks, at least on the credit side. In the aftermath of the financial crisis, both foreign and state banks have become more prudent than domestic private banks, and their discretionary LLP are higher. Overall, we provide evidence that foreign and government ownership affect LLP policy in banks. This complements existing results on the differences in loan cyclicality and default risk between foreign, state and domestic private banks.     

Can foreign banks compete in China?

Foreign banks in China have faced strict regulatory requirements that were not imposed on domestic banks and as such they have performed poorly in profitability rankings. Recent changes in the Chinese regulatory requirements prompt us to consider whether foreign banks are now on an equal footing with the Chinese domestic banks. Using Cobb–Douglas stochastic frontier analysis with total income as the dependent variable, we find no significant performance difference between foreign and domestic banks. However, robustness testing using the individual components of total income as dependent variables reveals that foreign banks need to improve efficiency of their income generation.     

Determinants of Commercial Bank Interest Margins and Profitability: Some International Evidence

Using bank-level data for 80 countries in the years 1988–95,this article shows that differences in interest margins andbank profitability reflect a variety of determinants: bank characteristics,macroeconomic conditions, explicit and implicit bank taxation,deposit insurance regulation, overall financial structure, andunderlying legal and institutional indicators. A larger ratioof bank assets to gross domestic product and a lower marketconcentration ratio lead to lower margins and profits, controllingfor differences in bank activity, leverage, and the macroeconomicenvironment. Foreign banks have higher margins and profits thandomestic banks in developing countries, while the opposite holdsin industrial countries. Also, there is evidence that the corporatetax burden is fully passed onto bank customers, while higherreserve requirements are not, especially in developing countries.     

中国商业银行竞争效率的国际比较

在对商业银行效率概念分析和效率分析方法比较的基础上,应用数据包络分析方法对10家国内银行和6家外国银行2003～2005年的效率进行评估,结果显示,我国商业银行的效率值低于国际先进银行.基于2005年的数据,运用单要素指标分析法对我国与国际先进银行的经营效率、成本效率和资产配置效率进行比较,分析结果显示:我国商业银行整体的盈利能力较低,资产获利能力普遍较弱,资本收益率与外资银行相比还有一定差距,只有不断加强我国银行业的各项改革,才能使银行业不断地认识并改进自身的不足,进而提高银行业的效率.     

Income diversification and risk: Does ownership matter? An empirical examination of Indian banks

We examine the impact of ownership on income diversification and risk for Indian banks over the period 2001–2009. We investigate both the determinants of non-interest income and the impact of diversification on various profitability and insolvency risk measures for public sector, private domestic, and foreign banks. We document that ownership does matter in the pursuit of non-interest income. Relative to private domestic banks, public sector banks earn significantly less fee-income, while foreign banks report higher fee income. Public sector banks with higher levels of governmental ownership are significantly less likely to pursue non-interest income sources. Fee-based income significantly reduces risk, measured by profitability variables, for public sector banks. Default risk is also reduced for these banks. From a regulatory perspective, it appears that diversification benefits India’s public sector banks. Our research has implications for the changes in the risk profile for banks in emerging banking markets pursuing non-interest revenue sources.     

The performance of banks in the MENA region during the global financial crisis

This paper examines the impact of the global financial crisis on the banking sector in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, as well as the main determinants of the profitability of both domestic and foreign banks. The empirical findings suggest that during the crisis the former outperformed the latter in that region. As for the determinants of profitability, size does not appear to play a role, whilst the liquidity ratio and net interest revenues seem to have a negative and positive effect respectively; GDP has a positive effect in the case of domestic banks.     

How do European banks portray the effect of policy interest rates and prudential behavior on profitability?

European policy interest rates have been low and trending downwards for almost a decade now and expectations do not seem to change. Hence, in such an environment, this paper investigates whether and how banks’ prudential behavior has influenced profitability across the European banking sector from 1999 to 2015. Using a dynamic panel model, we clearly find that banks’ financial resilience, proxied by the asymmetric Z-score and two financial ratios, affects profits: more cautious banks record higher profits. This result is confirmed by the two overall measures of profitability, namely the Return on Average Assets and Equity, but not for the Net Interest Margins. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that monetary policy's main instrument adversely affects bank income. Nevertheless, when policy interest rates are particularly low, the effect on Net Interest Margin is still positive, while the effect on the overall profitability becomes negative. These results induce that European banks succeed in increasing their profitability despite a compression of their net interest income.     

The short-term effects of foreign bank entry on domestic bank behaviour: Does economic development matter?

This paper investigates the short-term effects of foreign bank entry on the behaviour of the domestic banking sector. We hypothesise that these effects are dependent on the level of economic development of the host country. Our investigation shows that at lower levels of economic development foreign bank entry is generally associated with higher costs and margins for domestic banks. At higher levels of economic development the effects appear to be less clear: foreign bank entry is either associated with a fall of costs, profits and margins of domestic banks, or is not associated with changes in these domestic bank variables.     

Dividends and Profits: Some Unsubtle Foreign Influences

American corporations earn a significant share of their profits from foreign sources, out of which they appear to pay dividends at rates that are three times higher than their payout rates from domestic profits. Why firms do so is unclear, although this behavior is consistent with the use of dividends to signal profitability. This payout behavior implies that a significant part of the U.S. tax revenue generated by the foreign profits of U.S. corporations arises through the taxation of dividends received by individuals, and that the cost of capital may be higher for foreign than for domestic operations.     

境外战略投资者与中资银行创新能力——基于中国73家商业银行面板数据的实证分析

金融创新是中资银行提高盈利水平、增强国际竞争力的重要途径。本文利用中国银行业2002年至2008年的面板数据,选取中间业务收入作为银行创新能力的度量指标,实证检验了战略引资这种以开放促改革的模式对中资银行创新能力的影响。研究结果表明,引进境外战略投资者在短期内显著提高了中资银行的创新能力。本文进一步分析了战略引资影响中资银行创新能力的渠道和作用机制。     

基于主成分分析的中外资银行竞争力比较研究

本文基于主成分分析对我国银行业具有代表性的20家中外资银行的竞争力进行综合评价、比较。研究结果表明,国内本土商业银行的经营效益和综合竞争力强于外资银行;外资银行则在风险控制能力和业务创新能力方面具备竞争优势。根据实证分析结果,本文进一步分析了中外资银行竞争优势和劣势的成因,并对培育和提升国内商业银行竞争力提出了相关政策建议。     

Have changes in the financial structure affected bank profitability? Evidence for Austria

We examine the impact of changes in the financial structure of the Austrian banking sector over the past 15 years, such as disintermediation, internationalization and privatization, on the profitability of banks. Several proxies based on bank balance sheet data at the micro-level as well as macroeconomic variables are used to capture these changes. The case of Austria is particularly interesting because the opening up of the Austrian banking sector due to EU accession and the strong engagement of Austrian banks in Eastern Europe coincided with the global trend toward deregulation of banking activities. Our estimation results, which are based on dynamic panel regression methods, indicate that disintermediation (a lower percentage of loans over total assets) and higher market concentration in the banking sector had a positive effect on bank profitability, while changes in the ownership structure (privatization and increased foreign ownership) as well as more foreign lending by Austrian banks did not have a clear-cut or significant impact on bank profits.     

The effect of foreign entry and ownership structure on the Philippine domestic banking market

We examine the response of domestic Philippine banks to the relaxation of foreign entry regulations that occurred in the Philippines. We find evidence that foreign bank entry is associated with a reduction in interest rate spreads and bank profits, but only for those domestic banks that are affiliated to a family business group. Foreign entry corresponds more generally with improvements in operating efficiencies, but a deterioration of loan portfolios. Overall, we conclude that foreign competition compels domestic banks to be more efficient, to focus operations due to increased risk, and to become less dependent on relationship-based banking practices.     

基于ERM的商业银行操作风险生态内部控制系统研究

本文在分析国内外商业银行操作风险研究现状及文献综述的基础上,充分考虑我国商业银行操作风险控制的实际情况,根据ERM的要求,利用生态控制的理论与方法构建了商业银行操作风险生态内部控制系统的基本框架,并指出该系统在大幅度提高内部控制系统有效性的同时,还强调内部控制系统的自我修正和完善功能的发挥.在这一控制系统框架中,横向系统包括控制目标设置、事件确定、风险评估、风险应对、控制过程、控制措施、监督和目标修正等,纵向系统由标准确定、方法选择、实施控制、分析结果和修正目标等层次构成,这一控制系统的有效运行必将促进商业银行操作风险控制效果与效率的提高.