中国GDP增长与CPI:关系、均衡与“十二五”预期目标调控

通货膨胀率和经济增长率之间动态关系的认识是宏观调控的基础,然而,目前在线性和静态的分析框架内未能揭示出通货膨胀和经济增长的复杂动态关系。本文运用1996—2009年GDP增长率、CPI与M2增长率的季度数据建立我国经济增长与通货膨胀的非线性动力系统模型(GDP-CPINLDS),揭示了我国最优的季度GDP增长率和CPI,以及零通货膨胀的季度GDP增长率。总体上,我国经济增长与通货膨胀处在次优化的非均衡运行状态,两者呈现出同向性变动的特点。最优调控实验表明,仅调节M2增长率不能完全实现"十二五"调控目标。文章建议"十二五"期间要以调控GDP增长为导向,以从紧货币政策为基础,配合多种调控手段,形成强有力的联合调控机制,以确保GDP增长率和CPI目标的最优实现。     

20年来工业国家的失业,通货膨胀与经济增长

本文在实证分析的基础上指出,在本世纪８０年代以来,工业国家的失业与通货膨胀问题出现了新的特点：多数国家的失业率加剧,而通货膨胀则下降到７０年代以来的最低水平;与此同时,经济增长率下降,以美国为代表的国家经济周期拉长。深入探讨工业国家失业、通货膨胀与经济增长的变动趋势、形成原因和经济政策,对经历了２０年渐进式体制变革的我国来说,具有积极的借鉴意义     

低通货膨胀下的经济增长

低通货膨胀下的经济增长□王兰丽综观几次比较严重的通货膨胀的背景及对其的治理，我们看到，这里有一种现象：货币供给增长率较高的年份经济增长速度较快，货币供给增长率较低的年份经济增长速度较慢。有人因而得出一个结论，即中国要想保持较高的经济增长，就要保持货币...     

论经济增长与通货膨胀

论经济增长与通货膨胀张宗斌一、近些年我国经济生活中何以出现高增长与高通胀并有的“双高”局面无论从理论上还是从实践来看，经济增长与通货膨胀都没有必然的内在关联。从理论上看，以ＧＮＰ或ＧＤＰ为基本指标的经济增长率，代表的是一定时期内全社会新增加或新创造的...     

能源价格变动对经济增长与通货膨胀的影响——基于我国1996～2005年间的数据分析

基于1996~2005年的时间序列数据,本文就中国能源价格变动对经济增长与通货膨胀的影响进行了实证研究。实证结果表明在中国实际GDP、能源价格以及通货膨胀之间存在着长期均衡关系;能源价格变动对经济增长短期呈现负向冲击,它引起的成本推动是本轮通货膨胀的主要原因。     

基于VECM的治理通胀与经济发展协调性研究

笔者基于VECM模型对利率、汇率、货币供给、经济增长与通货膨胀之间的关系进行研究,发现它们之间存在协整关系,利率、汇率、货币供给增长率与通货膨胀具有双向影响关系,而经济增长率单向影响通货膨胀,利率不是经济增长率的格兰杰因,汇率、货币供应量增长率与经济增长率之间都不存在格兰杰因果关系,五个变量互相之间的作用都有较长滞后效应。通过深化改革、完善市场机制、转变经济增长方式可以保增长防通胀。     

货币供给、经济增长与通货膨胀:CIA模型与中国经验

文章通过构建一个"内生增长的CIA模型",讨论了货币供给、国民储蓄意愿以及经济增长潜力对经济增长和通货膨胀的影响:当货币供给速度变大时,经济增长率会因此降低,通货膨胀将升高;但是国民储蓄意愿和经济增长潜力比较高时,可以在货币扩张过程中保持经济快速增长,有效控制通货膨胀。由于我国的国民储蓄意愿和经济增长潜力都比较高,相应地引发通货膨胀的货币供给增长率的临界值也高,因此会出现"高货币供给-低通货膨胀"的现象。     

我国通货膨胀的短期动态特征与驱动因素比较

本文将货币供应量、人民币名义汇率、居民收入水平、国际资源品价格、股市市值和经济增长率等因素引入具有微观基础的混合式新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线模型中,利用状态空间模型实证分析了在2006年1月至2010年12月期间,各变量对通货膨胀影响系数的变动状况。结果表明:通胀率理性预期因素和通货膨胀惯性因素对通货膨胀具有显著且稳定的影响;国际资源价格和经济增长率对通货膨胀具有持续的影响力。货币供应量和人民币升值对通货膨胀的影响在前期较强,后期不显著;居民收入水平、股市市值在样本区间的后期对通货膨胀具有一定的影响。     

中国通货膨胀持久性分析:基于经济结构变化的视角

本文从经济结构变化的视角,对中国通货膨胀持久性变化进行了分析,结果表明,无论是采用传统的AR方法还是新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线方法估计,中国通货膨胀持久性在2000年之后都出现了明显的减弱,减弱的幅度在10%左右。除通货膨胀预期和外部汇率变化冲击因素的影响外,第一产业和第二产业的加权经济增长率等经济结构变化因素对通货膨胀率的影响亦非常显著,其中,第二产业加权经济增长率的减缓对中国通货膨胀持久性的减弱发挥了主导作用,第一产业与通货膨胀持久性负相关,而第三产业的加快发展将有利于弱化中国通货膨胀持久性。     

货币扩张、经济增长与资本市场制度创新

由于技术条件的限制 ,持续利用扩张性政策或透资性财政政策促进经济增长 ,最终将会把经济带入高通货膨胀和低经济增长的状态 ,即滞胀状态。这是被西方经济理论和经济实践所证实的结论。然而本文通过对中国经济的实证分析发现 ,在中国经济中消费物价指数和货币指数 (狭义货币指数和广义货币指数 )之间存在长期均衡的稳定关系 ,这说明从长时段的角度看 ,货币是消费物价变动的主要影响因素。从短期看 ,货币增长率对通货膨胀的影响主要有两个阶段 :第一阶段是新增基础货币对通货膨胀的影响 ,这一阶段为期一年 ,影响程度是基础货币增长率的 3 2 % ;第二阶段是由新增基础货币所导致的新增广义货币对通货膨胀的影响 ,这一阶段为期两年四个月 ,影响程度是新增广义货币增长率的 2 5 3 %。只要能够持续资本市场制度的创新 ,那么在中国经济中还存在利用持续的货币扩张政策或透资性财政政策促进经济增长的空间 ,原因是资本市场制度的创新会大大减少通货膨胀的压力。     

Nexus between economic sanctions and inflation: a case study in Iran

Conventional studies have applied dummy variables to analyse the relationship between economic sanctions and inflation while we construct an index which is called Trade-Financial Sanctions (TF index). TF Index is a liner combination of indices which includes trade openness and foreign investment by applying the principal component model. Through the TF index and market exchange rate the impact of economic sanctions on inflation is analysed in the three phases of sanctions; free sanctions, heavy sanctions, and light sanctions. The results illustrate that the TF index decreases inflation when the Iran’s economy experiences free sanctions or light sanctions relative to when the economy is in heavy sanctions. Heavy sanctions create instability in the market exchange rates and widening the gap between the market and the official exchange rates. Furthermore, economic sanctions increase expected inflation among the people and drive higher inflation. Therefore, these results suggest that the government should work more seriously to solve the main obstacles of trade and investment inflows imposed by the economic sanctions.     

EXCHANGE RATE STABILISATION, LEARNING AND THE TAYLOR PRINCIPLE

The paper explores whether central banks can keep their interest rates independent from given foreign rates, and to what extent interest policies designed to stabilise nominal exchange rate changes can be applied instead of, or in addition to, the traditional interest rate response to inflation gaps. This modification of a Taylor Rule is analysed in a simple macro model with some New Keynesian features. Information is imperfect; agents cannot build rational expectations but try to learn 'true' market relations. Results show that the Taylor Principle can be generalised in an open economy with flexible exchange rates.     

Currency Exposure to Downside Risk: Which Fundamentals Matter?

I study whether or not countries' macroeconomic characteristics are systematically related to their currencies' exposure to the downside market risk. I find that the currency downside risk is strongly associated with the local inflation rate, real interest rate and net foreign asset position. Currencies of countries with high inflation and real interest rates and negative net foreign asset position (debtor countries) are more exposed to the downside risk whereas currencies of countries with low inflation and real interest rates and positive net foreign asset position (creditor countries) exhibit “safe haven” properties. The local real interest rate has the highest explanatory power in accounting for the cross‐section of currency exposure to the downside risk. This suggests that the high currency exposure to the downside risk is a consequence of investments in high‐yield risky countries and flight from them in “hard times”.     

Can openness be an engine of sustained high growth rates and inflation?: Evidence from Japan and Korea

The effects of increasing openness on the growth rates of output and of the price level are examined for Japan and Korea. The framework of analysis is a seven-variable vector autoregressive (VAR) model, and the effects of changes in openness are evaluated by computing impulse response functions (IRFs). For both countries, shocks to trade openness are found to have significant, negative effects on economic growth and inflation in the short run, but no longer-run effects. Openness measures in financial markets also have negative effects on economic growth and inflation in Korea, whereas the effects are not significant in Japan. The findings appear consistent with some models in which a domestic economy may suffer a loss due to increased openness of an economy.     

An Endogenous Growth Model of a Financially Repressed Small Open Economy

The paper develops a monetary endogenous growth model of a financially repressed small open economy, characterized by curb markets, capital mobility, transaction costs in domestic and foreign capital markets, and a flexible exchange rate system, to analyze the impact of financial liberalization – interest rate deregulation and lower multiple reserve requirements – on growth and inflation. When the model is calibrated to match world figures, we find that interest rate deregulation enhances growth and reduces inflation in steady-state. For relatively smaller transaction costs in the curb market, the above result is, however, reversed. Under such circumstances, lowering the transaction costs in the foreign capital market tends to restore the growth-enhancing (inflation-reducing) capabilities of interest rate deregulation. Lower reserve requirements, though, always ensures lower (higher) steady-state inflation (growth).     

Inflation targeting and the need for a new central banking framework

This article critically analyzes inflation targeting (IT) both theoretically and empirically. IT came into prominence in the 1990s and 1 central bank after another adopted this regime in the 1990s and 2000s. Proponents of IT mainly argued that IT regime was successful on the grounds that it resulted in lower inflation rates and hence better economic performances. However, inflation rates in the world were in a downward trend from the 1980s well into the 2000s, and both IT and non-IT regimes managed to decrease their inflation rates. In addition, focusing too much on price stability through IT paved the way for permanently higher than necessary interest rates and disinflationary “tight” monetary policy periods when inflation rate was above an arbitrarily targeted level. Tight monetary policy can and do affect the real economy negatively and overemphasizing price stability may hurt the economy in terms of lower potential output, decreasing investment and more unequal income distribution. Post Keynesians offer valuable alternatives within the framework of parking-it approach to the existing monetary policy paradigm. Our main conclusion is that central banks should set the policy interest rate as low as possible and keep it there, in line with Keynesian “cheap money” policy.     

The effects of expected inflation on real returns in the argentine indexed bond market

A relatively unrestricted market in goverment indexed bonds operated in the high-inflation Argentine economy from 1975 through 1982. The indexed bond yields from this period provide an interesting opportunity to examine the relation between real interest rates and expected inflation. The test results support the hypothesis that expected inflation is a significant source of variation in real interest rates, depressing the real yields on indexed bonds.     

Partial inflation indexation and long-run inflation targeting in a growing economy: A comparison of Calvo and Rotemberg pricing models

The observed 2% long run inflation target in most developed industrial nations is in variance with the zero or negative optimal inflation rates predicted by prominent monetary theories. Using a calibrated simple New-Keynesian model with endogenous growth and nominal rigidity, we compare two price setting environments of Calvo (1983) and Rotemberg (1982). In our growth model, the steady state welfare maximizing inflation takes into account the growth effect as well as the price distortionary effects of inflation. The long-run welfare maximizing trend inflation could be positive in economies with nominal rigidity in the form of partial inflation indexation and price stickiness. A higher degree of inflation indexation lowers the steady state price distortion in the Calvo model and steady state price adjustment cost in Rotemberg model and raises the long run optimal inflation. Since the productive inefficiency caused by partial inflation indexation is higher in Calvo economy compared to Rotemberg, the long run optimal trend inflation is higher in Rotemberg than in Calvo. In both models, a two percent long run inflation target is attainable for a reasonable degree of inflation indexation.     

Friedman meets Becker and Mulligan in a monetary neoclassical growth model

We study a neoclassical growth model with the time preference determined by resources spent on imagining future pleasures along the line of Becker and Mulligan (Q J Econ 112:729–758, 1997). We introduce money into the economy via a cash-in-advance constraint and study the effect of higher seignorage taxes or higher monetary growth rates on capital, consumption and welfare in the long run. We find that if the fraction of investment constrained by cash is smaller than a threshold, the negative-monetary-growth Friedman (The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays, 1969) rule does not hold and the optimal inflation rate is positive. Calibrating our model yields a mild optimal inflation rate per annum with a switch from zero inflation to optimal inflation creating a sizable welfare gain in terms of consumption equivalence.     

Consumer prices and private consumption in Poland and Austria

Starting from a bilateral comparison of consumption levels in Poland and Austria in 1964, 1973, and 1978, the authors calculate the implicit price indexes for both countries. The confrontation of the implicit and official price indexes seems to prove that official data grossly understate price inflation and overstate real growth of consumption in Poland. The causes of this discrepancy are mainly seen in the systemic difficulty of properly measuring price changes in Poland's “shortage economy.” This problem may arise in all international comparison between centrally planned and market economies when official price indices are used.