林业企业实施森林认证的内在动力机制及其模型

实施森林认证行为是林业企业的一种全新的可持续发展模式。分析表明林业企业实施森林认证的动力在于：林业企业经营者实施森林认证的决策偏好、林业企业森林生态经济效益优化目标、森林可持续经营战略与林业企业可持续发展战略的拟合度、社会周围其它林业企业实施森林认证的状况、林业企业的竞争压力、政府及林业行政管理部门对森林认证的支持力度、市场准入制度变化、林产品市场体系规范化制度化状态等要素之间的相互促进关系。社会周围其它林业企业实施森林认证的状况、政府及林业行政管理部门对森林认证的支持力度、市场准入制度变化、林产品市场体系规范化制度化状态对林业企业实施森林认证模式具有间接影响,通过影响其它诸要素改变林业企业实施森林认证的动力。     

Linking forestry, sustainability and aesthetics

In forest planning, little research has been devoted towards examining how visual-impact assessment can improve the public acceptance of forest activities and augment forest sustainability. The objective of the present work is to review the methods of aesthetic assessment of forest landscapes, which will help the implementation of visual-impact assessment in sustainable forestry. From the numerous techniques of landscape evaluation that have been devised in recent years, the expert approach techniques have dominated in environmental management practices and the perception-based approach in research. The non-market economic valuation techniques are essentially trade-off methods and not aesthetic assessments by themselves. Revealed preference methods, such as hedonic-price, use actual market choices of individuals to get their preferences towards non-market attributes, and stated preference methods, such as contingent valuation method, rely on surveys to get directly the individual's willingness to pay for the non-market attributes. Psychophysical preference modelling is a popular quantitative holistic technique of landscape evaluation and if used in combination with indirect aesthetic evaluation methods might create new standards and protocols for techniques of objectively estimating public perception of aesthetic quality and thus to enhance social sustainability in forest space.     

林业企业实施森林认证动力机制的实证研究

鉴于森林认证的迅速发展以及其在中国的起步态势,本文以林业企业实施森林认证的动力机制为研究主题,采用问卷调查法、主成分分析法、多元回归分析法,并综合利用实地调查数据与统计数据,对林业企业实施森林认证的动力机制的成因进行分析。研究结果表明:林业企业开展森林认证的影响因素有4个,即企业的基本情况、对森林认证的重视度、对森林认证的了解程度和企业的经营与森林认证的关系。多元回归分析结果表明,在森林认证的重视度方面,只要政府能够增加对森林认证的重视度,那么林业企业准备开展森林认证的发生比将大大增加。     

Enabling sustainability transitions in Asia: The importance of vertical and horizontal linkages

The phrase “sustainable development” appears increasingly in national policies in Asian countries and there are many successful ‘sustainability experiments’ documented at local level throughout the region. We explore why, despite the efforts made at the national level and the good practices at local level, underlying trends are away from sustainability. Drawing on the multi-level perspective on system innovation, we argue that linkages between different levels in socio-technical systems are critical to explaining the emergence of sustainable development pathways. The absence of these linkages in many Asian contexts is an important factor obstructing sustainability transitions in Asia. We argue that while the importance of vertical linkages is recognized and theorized in the multi-level perspective, the horizontal and the temporal dimensions are under-explored. We develop a set of propositions for exploring linkages in socio-technical systems, supporting these with empirical examples from the region.     

长株潭两型社会林业生态建设研究

长株潭两型社会获批给区域生态建设提供了良好契机,林业生态建设是目前生态建设的首要任务,两型社会建设和林业生态建设的最终落脚点是生态文明。目前该区域局部环境状况恶化、森林覆盖率、城市绿化率低于全省平均水平,城市社会发展不可持续。在提出构建环境友好型两型社会的背景下,沿湘江流域和三市结合部布局生态公益林带,加强林业生态建设和都市生态圈建设,对保护湘江水质、改善区域环境、支撑两型社会建设具有重要的战略意义。     

Optimal NGO Financing of a Resource Management Certification Scheme

The development of voluntary certification schemes in areas as diverse as fish, coffee and forestry offer the promise of environmental improvements without the requirement of governmental regulation and intervention. In many cases, however, the costs to landholders of making the transition are too large for them to do so. At the same time, the large intermediaries appear to have little economic incentive to introduce certification because the market does not adequately value the environmental benefits. Instead, NGOs and other aid and development agencies who would like to see small producers benefit from the change in production practices have typically stepped in to provide financial support for certification. This paper shows how voluntary price discrimination (in the form of donations) by the consumers that most highly value certification can be used to finance a switch to environmentally sustainable practices and thus address a market failure. This analysis shows that an NGO’s optimal intervention depends on the size of its budget, the elasticity of supply of the product, and the elasticity of participation by producers. NGOs with smaller budgets rely more heavily on lump sum transfers to the intermediary and less heavily on volume and participation-dependent subsidies. Volume and participation dependent subsidies are inversely related to the elasticity of supply and the elasticity of participation in a standard Lerner relationship.     

Institutions and environmental governance: A reconceptualization

This article presents the conceptual revisions needed to extend the new institutional approach to environmental governance from its current local and international domains of application to all governance solutions, including national environmental and natural resource use policies and multi-level governance solutions that are increasingly used to address global environmental change. The article suggests that environmental governance is best understood as the establishment, reaffirmation or change of institutions to resolve conflicts over environmental resources. It also explains why the choice of these institutions is a matter of social justice rather than of efficiency. The article suggests a way to understand formal and state-centered governance solutions as forms of collective ownership not unlike common property. The article demonstrates how institutional analysis can gain resolution by looking at the functional and structural tiers, organization of governance functions, and formulation of key institutional rules as key aspects of the design of governance institutions.     

National Government Responses to Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Fisheries Certification: Insights from Atlantic Canada

Over the last decade, the proliferation of social and environmental certification programmes has attracted the attention of a growing number of political scientists interested in new forms of ‘private’ transnational governance. However, we still lack analyses on the nature and extent of different state responses to and involvement in new private transnational governance arrangements in particular sectors and in different jurisdictions. This article advances our understanding of the interactions between nation-state and private transnational modes of governance by analysing the role of national government authorities in Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) fisheries certification in Atlantic Canada, known more for the disastrous collapse of Northern cod stocks than good marine stewardship. Focusing on the 2008 certification of Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) fisheries off the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, the analysis finds that the implementation and maintenance of MSC certification in this case depended on significant support from government authorities. The delicate legitimacy of both authorities faces a period of uncertainty in this case since some certified shrimp stocks appear to be in decline and perhaps also migrating northward off Newfoundland and Labrador.     

政府,市场与林业生态建设研究

我国林业再生产过程中,是依恋过去习惯的政府干预,还是利用“看不见的手”的市场调节,这一直是理论界争论的焦点。然而,我们可以通过森林资源是否可持续发展标准来衡量,也就是在加强政府宏观调控的同时注重林业的经济效益,在利用市场机制的力量时不损害林业的生态效益、社会效益,从而促进经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的协调发展。     

A coevolutionary framework for analysing a transition to a sustainable low carbon economy

This paper proposes a coevolutionary framework for analysing a transition to a sustainable low-carbon economy, based on the coevolution of ecosystems, technologies, institutions, business strategies and user practices, within a multi-level micro-meso-macro perspective. This builds on and develops previous coevolutionary analyses of long-term technological and industrial change, and recent renewed interest within ecological economics on coevolutionary approaches. Previous work has analysed how the coevolution of technologies and institutions has led to the lock-in of current high-carbon energy systems; and how the coevolution of physical and social technologies and business strategies has brought significant material and welfare benefits to the minority of the world's population living in industrialised countries. The coevolutionary framework proposed here may be used to undertake: (1) detailed empirical analyses at a micro-meso level of the challenges relating to the innovation and adoption of particularly low-carbon technologies; (2) as a framework for analysing the multi-level interaction of social and technological elements within potential transition pathways to a low carbon energy system; (3) to assess the implications for economic growth and prosperity of a transition to a low carbon economy; and (4) to assist in the development of more formal, multi-level evolutionary economic models.     

Protecting Forests Through Farming. A Dynamic Model of Nontimber Forest Extraction

Forest resource extraction by local communities has been cited as a major impediment to the efficient management of protected forests. This paper develops a two sector dynamic model for farming and forest resource extraction by communities living in the forest periphery. The model assumes that land under forestry is constant and households allocate their time to farming and forestry. Comparative dynamic results suggest that higher prices for agriculture output, lower input prices, better knowledge of farming techniques and a lower discount rate may result in a higher equilibrium stock of forest resources. Tobit analysis with primary data collected from the Sinharaja forest in Sri Lanka provides supportive empirical evidence.     

我国林区社会保障研究综述

本文围绕我国林区社会保障方面的研究成果．综述国有林场社会保障制度设计、社会保险筹资、林业政策性补偿和林区社会保障配套政策等。在社会保障制度设计方面．分别对林区社会保障的覆盖群体与保障项目安排问题进行归纳；在社会保险基金研究方面，分别对林区现行社会保险基金管理问题和林区社会保障制度转轨的基金缺口问题的研究进行述评；在林业政策性补偿方面，分别对产业政策和天保工程的补偿问题进行综述，最后对林业单位体制、林业保险与林农补贴等林区社会保障的配套政策问题的文献进行综述。     

GIS支持下的森林资源可持续利用规划

本文应用ＧＩＳ技术来获得大兴安岭林区塔源林场合理的森林资源开发利用布局和减少浪费森林资源的新方法。其核心就是保证在时间和空间上合理地安排森林资源。并通过ＧＩＳ模型的运算,给出了该林场森林资源可持续利用的规划方案,以期为指导天然林保护与制定林业可持续发展战略提供科学依据。     

Optimizing forestry industrial structure based on the framework of rationalization, advancement and ecologicalization

Under the target of the sustainable development,optimization of forestry industrial structure contains rationalization and advancement of forestry industrial structure in the traditional sense,as well as ecologicalization of forestry industrial structure.The connotation of optimization of forestry industrial structure is analyzed at first,and then the paper chooses the typical evaluation indexes from the three sides of rationalization,advancement and ecologicalization to evaluate the current situation of the regional forestry industrial structure.With the aid of the theory of fuzzy mathematics and information entropy,the paper establishes a fuzzy evaluation model which is based on information entropy for optimization of forestry industrial structure,and the evaluation model is applied in the study for the current situation of forestry industrial structure from 2000 to 2006 in Hubei province.The results show that the grade of forestry industrial structure is bad basically during the research,of which the overall level of forestry industrial structure of Hubei province is poor,the degree of utilizing forest resource is lower,and ecological environment in the forest region has been damaged to some extent.On this basis,the author presents the countermeasure to promote the optimization of forestry industrial structure.     

Economics of transaction costs saving forestry

Following the arguments concerning the problems of traditional forest economics in Putz (2000), this article shows that transaction cost economics can overcome some of the shortcomings of the main stream forest economics. The public forestry, subsistence forestry, non-industrial private forestry, China's share-holding forestry, and their revolutions are analyzed by the relative transaction costs of labor, capital, land and forest products. Potential implications of transaction cost economics in forest policy, including regulated access to commons, sustainable forestry criteria, ecological certificates and land tenure decentralization, have also been discussed.     

湖南森林资源地理特征研究

为了合理利用和保护湖南森林资源,本文在广泛收集资料的基础上,根据森林资源的自然环境,地理分布,从经济地理角度出发,研究探讨了湖南省森林资源的地理特征和各林区林木生产的发展方向,以期为湖南森林资源的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

资源枯竭型林区产业转型的困境与对策——以伊春市为例

长期的过量采伐,导致东北许多林区森林可采林木资源濒临枯竭,经济社会发展面临严峻挑战,实施彻底的产业转型,恢复林区的生态功能,促进资源枯竭型林区经济全面协调发展已经迫在眉睫。但是,林区在实施产业转型过程中遇到许多现实问题,需要国家及当地政府及时出台相应扶持政策,推动区域经济发展模式的转变。文章以伊春市国有林区为例,对东北林区产业转型的困境进行深入分析,剖析了影响林区产业转型制度障碍,提出了资源枯竭型林区产业转型的对策。     

流动社会的流动治理:国家和社会关系的视角——基于川中S市的实证研究

中国社会变迁导致的"双重流动"和"分离运动"对传统社会管理模式形成了挑战,为此,来自地方的社会管理创新通过"统筹"、"嵌入"、"服务"、"组织"和"跟踪"等措施对此进行了应对。文章认为,从国家和社会关系的角度来看,社会管理创新是通过国家的回归来实现的,它意味着国家和社会关系的重新调整,是政府的再造和社会的重组。