我国人口老龄化趋势对储蓄率的影响研究

本文以生命周期理论为基础,运用三期世代交叠模型分析人口结构对储蓄率的影响,并基于我国2006-2011年的分省面板数据,采用广义最小二乘法,实证分析了我国的人口结构、经济等各方面因素对储蓄率的影响.分析得出老年抚养比与储蓄率负相关,而少儿抚养比与储蓄率关系与理论预期不相符,二者成正相关关系,并用分地区的数据对上述结论做进一步验证.本文结论是,提高劳动参与率及提高劳动生产率将减少人口老龄化对储蓄率过快降低的影响.     

人口结构、资本流动与全球经济失衡

本文将资本流动和全球经济失衡纳入同一研究框架,将人口结构提升为影响长期资本流动和全球经济失衡的最重要的因素之一进行探讨,采用面板协整检验、系统广义矩估计模型、混合最小二乘模型、固定效应模型、似无相关模型等实证方法,对一个基于全球126个国家形成的面板数据进行分析和研究。本文发现,老年抚养比和少年抚养比对于经常账户有显著负向影响,实证结果支持了人口结构是长期资本流动和全球经济失衡的重要影响因素这一理论。     

人口结构、资本流动与全球经济失衡

本文将资本流动和全球经济失衡纳入同一研究框架,将人口结构提升为影响长期资本流动和全球经济失衡的最重要的因素之一进行探讨,采用面板协整检验、系统广义矩估计模型、混合最小二乘模型、固定效应模型、似无相关模型等实证方法,对一个基于全球126个国家形成的面板数据进行分析和研究。本文发现,老年抚养比和少年抚养比对于经常账户有显著负向影响,实证结果支持了人口结构是长期资本流动和全球经济失衡的重要影响因素这一理论。     

日本会成为贸易逆差国吗?——基于经常项目的跨期均衡分析

战后日本贸易长期顺差,它支撑了日本经济的顺利增长。2011年日本贸易收支却出现自1980年以来的首次贸易逆差。那么,日本的贸易逆差会否成为一种长期趋势,日本会成为贸易逆差国吗?作为世界第一大出口国和日本的重要贸易伙伴国,中国又会从中得到什么样的启示?这是本文关注的重点问题。针对该问题,我们以跨期迭代模型为理论基础,从日本的财政状况和人口特征角度入手,并利用1965~2013年的时间序列数据进行了实证检验。结果显示:第一,政府预算差额对日本经常项目差额有显著的正向作用;第二,少儿抚养比对日本经常项目差额有显著的正向作用,老年抚养比对日本经常项目差额有显著的负向作用,而且老年抚养比比少儿抚养比的作用更为明显;第三,日本财政赤字的不断攀升和少子老龄化的持续发展,带来了日本总储蓄率的不断下降和海外净资产的持续上升,这一降一升意味着日本的贸易逆差可能会成为一种趋势,日本有迈入逆差国的内在因素。本文的结论对于中国也有相当的借鉴意义。     

中国城镇居民储蓄率的影响因素:1997～2008——基于省级动态面板数据的实证研究

本文在生命周期-持久收入模型与预防性储蓄理论的框架内,使用1997～2008年的省级面板数据,通过动态系统广义矩的估计方法对中国城镇居民储蓄率的影响因素进行了实证研究。研究显示:持久收入的增加和储蓄惯性显著提高了城镇居民的储蓄率,并且以上两方面因素可以对1997～2008年间城镇居民储蓄率增幅中的大部分进行解释;但与传统的LC-PIH模型不同,少儿抚养比与中国城镇居民储蓄率之间存在着显著的正相关关系。此外,社会保障事业的发展通过降低不确定性,从而显著降低了城镇居民储蓄率,而就业的市场化程度却产生了与之相反的影响。但公共支出的结构、通货膨胀率以及实际利率没有对城镇居民储蓄率产生显著的影响。     

中国城镇居民储蓄率的影响因素:1997～2008——基于省级动态面板数据的实证研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文在生命周期-持久收入模型与预防性储蓄理论的框架内,使用1997～2008年的省级面板数据,通过动态系统广义矩的估计方法对中国城镇居民储蓄率的影响因素进行了实证研究。研究显示:持久收入的增加和储蓄惯性显著提高了城镇居民的储蓄率,并且以上两方面因素可以对1997～2008年间城镇居民储蓄率增幅中的大部分进行解释;但与传统的LC-PIH模型不同,少儿抚养比与中国城镇居民储蓄率之间存在着显著的正相关关系。此外,社会保障事业的发展通过降低不确定性,从而显著降低了城镇居民储蓄率,而就业的市场化程度却产生了与之相反的影响。但公共支出的结构、通货膨胀率以及实际利率没有对城镇居民储蓄率产生显著的影响。     

人口结构与经济增长的关系研究——基于新疆时间序列数据的实证检验

运用新疆2004年至2018年的时间序列数据分析人口结构与经济增长之间的关系。研究发现：新疆人口结构能够显著影响经济增长。其中,少年抚养比和劳动力抚养比均能够促进经济增长,而老年抚养比则不利于经济增长。外商直接投资和研发支出也是促进经济增长的变量之一。最后根据实证分析结果对新疆地区经济发展提出了相应的建议,认为新疆应当不断引进高技术人才,提高劳动力抚养比在人口结构中的比重等建议。     

人口抚养比变化趋势研究

文章选取我国1990~2014年的少儿抚养比和老年抚养比调查数据进行研究,通过比较ARIMA模型、多项式模型、GM(1,1)灰色预测模型以及指数增长模型四种模型,选出最佳预测模型为GM(1,1)模型。研究结果表明:2025年左右我国的老年抚养比和少儿抚养比将会达到相等;从GM(1,1)模型关于总抚养的预测结果来看,总抚养大致保持在30%左右。针对我国正在和将要面临的抚养现状,须做好应对措施,增强开发人力资源力度,充分挖掘和利用我国潜在的人口红利,促进我国经济又快又好的发展。鼓励和支持青年人生育二孩,缓解我国低生育率低抚养比的现状。     

人口结构对居民储蓄率的影响

近年来中国居民储蓄率持续处于较高水平,本文将人口结构作为解释变量对高储蓄率现象进行解释,得出老年抚养系数对储蓄率具有正向关系,幼儿抚养系数对储蓄率具有负向关系,性别比对储蓄率影响不显著。     

引入人口结构和社会保障因素的中国储蓄率模型

在对国民储蓄率的影响因素进行分析后,对经典的生命周期模型进行了拓展,引入了人口结构和社会保障两因素,从而构建了一个新的生命周期模型。在此基础上,对我国的国民储蓄率进行实证研究后发现,我国的人口结构确实会对国民储蓄率产生较显著的影响,而社会保障水平却对其影响不显著。     

Demographic changes, saving, and current account: An analysis based on a panel VAR model

This paper empirically investigates the macroeconomic effects of demographic changes, focusing on saving rates and current account balances. The econometric investigation based on the panel VAR model shows substantial demographic effects on national saving rates and current account balances in the major advanced (G-7) countries. An increase in the dependency rate significantly lowers saving rates, especially public saving rates. Further, a higher dependency rate significantly worsens current account balances.     

中国经常项目顺差的影响因素研究——基于双缺口模型的实证分析

文章在双缺口模型的基础上,进一步分拆模型去寻找影响私人部门储蓄-投资缺口进而影响我国经常账户余额的因素。并且对人均GDP、政府部门的财政余额、对私人部门投放的信贷余额、一国的实际利率以及抚养比率这五项指标进行协整检验和格兰杰因果检验;并建立VAR模型,分析其脉冲响应函数和方差分解结果。实证结果揭示了以上因素对我国经常项目余额的长期影响方向和短期变动的特点。     

U.S. current account debate with Japan then,with China now

This paper examines two U.S. current account deficit episodes, one in the 1980s and the other in the current 2000s, in which Japan and China, respectively, are the current account surplus countries that are criticized for contributing to the deficits. In both periods, U.S. policy makers pointed out the underdeveloped and closed financial markets of the current account surplus countries and advocated for these countries to fix the deficiencies, a position akin to the current “saving glut” argument. In both episodes, the current account surplus countries have criticized the United States for its low saving, especially public saving (the “Twin Deficit” argument). This paper presents empirical findings that are consistent with the Twin Deficit hypothesis; A one percentage point increase in the budget balance raises the current account balance by 0.10–0.49 percentage point for industrialized countries. The saving glut argument seems to be applicable only for countries with highly developed legal systems and open financial markets. While the United States has been experiencing a savings drought in both episodes, the Japanese current account surplus was driven by underinvestment in the 1980s and by over-saving during the 2000s. Furthermore, although the current Chinese current account surplus is driven by its over-saving, there is no evidence of excess domestic saving in the Asian emerging market countries; rather, they seem to have suffered from depressed investment in the wake of the 1997 financial crises.     

Population Aging and Housing Consumption： A Nonlinear Relationship in China

Mass migration of rural workers to cities will inevitably increase urban housing demand. However, the scale of vacant urban housing will increase in future as a result of the population aging and the rising number of empty nesters. Therefore, demographic transition may not only increase housing demand, but also increase housing supply. Using an overlapping generations model, the present paper investigates＇ the impact of demographic transition on housing consumption. We find that there is a nonlinear relationship between the elderly dependency ratio and housing consumption in China. With the deepening of population aging, housing consumption will increase; when the elderly dependency ratio reaches a turning point, housing consumption will decrease. The turning point of the nonlinear curve also depends on population mobility. A greater degree of population mobility will result in a delayed turning point. Furthermore, the turning point of the nonlinear curve will emerge when China＇s elderly dependency ratio reaches a value of 32 percent in 2025. This means that over the next decade, China should continue to increase the level of housing supply,     

Analysis on Balance Gap between Saving and Credit Account in China

In China, the balance gap of credit and saving account emerged in 1995, and its amount enlarged since then. By the end of Dec. 2005, with 28.7 trillion RMB saving balance and 19.5 trillion RMB gross credit account balance, the gap between saving and credit account was as large as 9.2 trillion RMB, which indicated a 67.8% of credit/saving ratio. Some believed this phenomenon was resulted from on one hand, the rapid growth of saving account; and on the other hand, relatively slower expanding of credit account. Some believed cooling down cash demand was behind the gap, while others claimed the balance gap caused dead capital and inefficiency service of saving account. In fact, the balance gap between credit and saving account might not necessarily relate to dead bank capital. And the phenomenon itself could not indicate the down-tendency of finance power that underlay economy. Nevertheless, it was liquidity not the balance gap should be regarded an index of capital situation in financial organizations. Therefore the balance gap between saving account and credit account could not be viewed as criteria against liquidity position. Solution of this problem should lay in boosting financial innovation among commercial banks, expending capital market and encouraging or permitting commercial banks as well as state-owed funds to enter share market and so on.     

Demographic Transition in China and its Implications

The aim of this paper is to chart the demographic transition in China, identify its proximate causes and analyze its socioeconomic implications with reference to, first, the proportion and composition of the dependent population, second, the age structure of the labor force and, third, the size and composition of households. Defined as a steady deceleration in population growth to a nonrising total, the onset of the demographic transition in 1970 predates the one-child policy. Thus far the transition has had its largest impact on the proportion of children in the population, which has fallen. Next in magnitude is a rise of in the share of working-age adults. These two changes dwarf the rise in the share of the elderly on which much of the discussion in China tends to be focused. The crude dependency ratio has been falling and will continue to do so for another two decades or so. It is pointed out that the change in the age structure has significant distributive implications. The last 20 or so years have seen a substantial change the size distribution of households. The average household has shrunk in size from 4.5 in 1982 to 3.5. This is important because the distribution of the population into households has a significant impact on the household expenditure pattern. In particular, controlling for per capita expenditure, smaller households spend more on food per capita than do larger households.     

服务贸易、非对称开放与全球失衡:一项跨国的经验研究

文章从贸易内部结构出发，分析非对称开放条件下，服务贸易兴起与全球失衡之间的关系。并利用全球59个主要贸易国家2000-2014年双边贸易数据对两者之间的关系进行计量分析，实证结果显示：第一，服务贸易净值与经常账户余额之间存在显著的负向关系，服务贸易净值提高100万美元，经常账户余额减少98.7万美元。在引入交互项之后这种关系依然显著成立。因此，服务贸易的非对称开放是造成全球失衡的重要原因。第二，技术进步和利率上调可以扭转服务贸易对经常账户的抑制作用。第三，金融危机之后，服务贸易和经常账户的负向关系进一步强化。后危机时代，全球失衡现象有可能继续恶化。第四，分位数回归发现，在低点位处服务贸易净值对经常账户的影响更为强烈。文章的研究为理解中国的服务贸易逆差提供了新的视角，并为扭转服务贸易逆差奠定了理论基础。     

Understanding High Saving Rate in China

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the Chinese saving rate based on the flow of funds data. It finds that the most widely adopted view of precautionary saving, which is regarded as the top reason for maintaining a high saving rate in China, is misleading because this conclusion is drawn from the household survey data. In fact, the household saving rate has declined dramatically since the mid‐1990s, as is observed from the flow of funds framework. The high national saving rate is attributed to the increasing shares of both government and corporation disposable incomes. Insufficient consumption demand is caused by the persistent decrease in percentage share of household to national disposable income. Government‐ directed income redistribution urgently needs to be improved to accelerate consumption, which in turn would make the Chinese economy less investment‐led and help to reduce the current account surplus. (Edited by Zhinan Zhang)     

Why Has China's Current Account Balance Converged after the Global Financial Crisis?

China's current account surplus declined significantly from its peak of nearly 10 percent of GDP in 2007 to less than 1 percent in 2018. The new pattern offered fresh evidence for our understanding of China's current account dynamics. In this paper, we used flow of funds data to gauge its underlying driving forces. Specifically, by employing index decomposition analysis, we decomposed the current account from the perspective of savings and investment into three sectors: the household, corporate, and government sectors. We found that the decline in China's current account ratio was first driven by cyclical factors, i.e. weak corporate saving growth induced by the economic slump in 2009 as well as the following massive corporate investment bolstered by the government stimulus plan. However, such cyclical factors quickly subsided, and the subsequent current account balance reduction was later supported by structural factors, i.e. household savings declined enduringly and the Chinese government switched to a more expansionary fiscal policy. There are three possible explanations for the structural movement: reduced precautionary saving due to higher social security coverage ratio, lower corporate profits as a result of economic slowdown, and a twin deficit due to the government's more relaxed fiscal stance. The new facts, however, were not consistent with other current account theories focusing on long‐term aspects of the saving–investment account puzzle, especially those relating to China's special demographic characteristics.