国际资本流动下的中国金融安全实证分析

分析了国际资本流动对金融安全的冲击路径以及非均衡机制测试我国外汇市场压力指数的大小,建立了资本净流入和外汇市场压力指数之间的VAR（6）模型,研究结论表明,国际资本的净流入会增大外汇市场压力,但货币当局的冲销干预会削弱这种影响,降低发生货币危机的可能性;货币当局的政策选择应该是盯住外汇市场,而不是单纯的货币市场。     

The effectiveness of foreign exchange intervention in Latin America: A nonlinear approach to the coordination channel

This paper examines the effectiveness of the coordination channel of foreign exchange intervention in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. The theoretical approach is based on a model in which traders' confidence in the fundamentals depends on exchange rate misalignments and central bank intervention. The presence of the monetary authority in the foreign exchange market may increase traders' confidence and speed up the mean reversion of the exchange rates. The empirical section of this paper is based on a Smooth Transition Regression GARCH-M model. The results suggest that foreign exchange intervention via the coordination channel has been effective over the period 2000–2013.     

Expectations,exchange rates and monetary theory: The case of German hyperinflation

This paper tests some of the structural coefficient restrictions on goods-price equations and foreign exchange-rate equations implied by the monetary theory of exchange rates. The data are from the German hyperinflation (1922–1923). The results of the tests broadly support the monetary theory of exchange rates and they also support the hypothesis that the foreign exchange market was efficient during this period. However, the much higher residual volatility in foreign exchange prices is not explained by the monetary theory.     

Domestic and foreign disturbances in an optimizing model of exchange-rate determination

This paper analyzes the effects of various disturbances of domestic and foreign origin in a small open economy under imperfect capital mobility in which the behavioral relationships are divided from optimization by the private sector. In this model the domestic economy jumps instantaneously to its new equilibrium following a change in either the domestic monetary growth rate or domestic fiscal policy. In response to a disturbance in either the foreign interest rate or inflation rate, the economy undergoes an initial partial jump towards its new equilibrium, which it thereafter approaches gradually. The implications of these results for exchange-rate adjustments and the insulation properties of flexible exchange rates are discussed.     

Unanticipated money,output, and prices in the small economy

Recent studies of the relationship between unanticipated monetary disturbances and the level of output and prices have focussed on the implications of monetary policy for the large, essentially closed, economy. This paper investigates the determination of output, the price level, and the money stock of a small open economy. In particular, primary interest is in delineating the channels of home and foreign monetary influence, and in discriminating between the effects of home-generated and foreign-generated unanticipated monetary disturbances under the alternative regimes of a fixed, managed, and flexible exchange rate.     

Capital flows,investment, and exchange rates

This paper incorporates international capital flows into a two-country, monetary-general-equilibrium model of asset prices with investment and production. We calculate theoretical covariances between investment, the current account, the exchange rate, and the terms of trade. These covariances depend upon the coefficient of relative risk aversion, the magnitude and sign of a country's net international indebtedness, other properties of tastes and technologies, and the stochastic processes on disturbances to productivity and monetary growth rates. International capital flows arise from changes in world wealth and its relative composition in foreign and domestic assets.     

The Welfare Effect of Foreign Monetary Conservatism with Nonatomistic Wage Setters

This paper extends the closed‐economy analysis of strategic interaction between labor unions and the monetary authority in Lippi (2003) to a two‐country, open‐economy framework. It sheds light on the real effect of foreign central bank conservatism, which—through a strategic mechanism that operates via the terms of trade between the two independent monetary policymakers—entails wage moderation. The impact of domestic central bank conservatism hinges instead on the combination of three strategic effects.     

中国企业去杠杆需考虑美联储货币政策变化吗?——加息和缩表的比较分析

本文构建了一个包含货币政策微观溢出效应的两国开放经济模型,提出企业结构性去杠杆需考虑开放经济因素,并在模型中引入企业融资约束机制,利用2002年第四季度-2018年第三季度中国沪深A股1023家上市公司平衡面板数据,实证检验美联储加息和缩表两类货币政策对我国企业杠杆率的差异性影响。研究发现,美联储缩表在初期对我国企业杠杆率的影响程度较大,但不存在长期溢出效应;而加息在初期影响程度相对较小,但对我国企业杠杆率存在长期溢出影响。在溢出方向上,美联储紧缩性货币政策会显著降低我国企业杠杆率。在溢出结构上,企业融资约束越严重,美联储货币政策对我国企业杠杆率溢出效应越明显。     

The expectations theory works for monetary policy shocks

In practice, the expectations theory of the term structure is employed extensively in monetary policy analysis despite its empirical failure. This paper performs a conditional test of the theory that is directly relevant to monetary theory and policy. It finds that the theory holds quite well conditional on identified monetary policy shocks, but fails conditional on aggregate supply shocks that prompt an immediate jump in prices. It also finds that policy responses to movements in the term structure play an important role in uncovering evidence for the theory as predicted by McCallum [1994. Monetary policy and the term structure of interest rates. NBER Working Paper Series, no. 4938].     

Macroeconomic shocks and the forward yield curve: how important is monetary policy?

The associations between macroeconomic fluctuations and the yield curve tend to be explained by the reactions of the monetary authority. This paper evaluates how macroeconomics shocks affect the forward yield curve for domestic and foreign debt markets in Venezuela, where monetary policy is not the main source of macroeconomic fluctuations. As previous results in the literature, macroeconomic shocks affect more strongly the short end of the yield curve in the expected direction. Overall, supply shocks explain most of the variability of long-term yields, spread and volatility. Nonetheless, short-term yield movements can be associated with general monetary conditions of the economy and not necessarily with monetary policy actions.     

Foreign reserve and money dynamics with asset portfolio adjustment: international evidence

In this paper we argue that more complete modeling of foreign exchange intervention and sterilization dynamics is necessary when there are adjustment costs to changing private portfolios and/or the central bank attempts to balance longer-run monetary control against short-term exchange rate objectives. We show that measured correlations between domestic credit and foreign asset changes, often interpreted as ‘sterilization coefficients’, may be misleading because they vary with the pattern of disturbances as well as private agent and central bank behavior. We assess the empirical significance of this issue by estimating vector error correction models of the domestic and foreign asset components of the monetary base for Japan and Germany. In both countries, we find that that the impact of foreign exchange intervention on domestic credit falls markedly after several months, implying that the degree of sterilization decreases over time. However, the monetary base remained largely insulated as foreign asset positions were subsequently ‘unwound.’     

Monetary policy surprises and international bond markets

We examine the impact and spillover effects of monetary policy surprises on international bond returns. Within the framework of Campbell and Ammer (1993), we decompose international bond returns into news regarding future returns, real interest rates and future inflation for Germany, the U.K. and the U.S. We examine how excess bond returns in these three countries are affected by surprise changes in monetary policy in each country. Our measure of the unanticipated element of monetary policy is based on futures markets rather than the more traditional vector autoregression. Our results indicate that excess bond returns primarily react to domestic as compared to foreign monetary policy surprises. We also find there is a strong divergence between the effects of domestic monetary policy on excess bond returns in Germany relative to the U.K. A surprise monetary tightening in Germany (U.K.) leads to a rise (fall) in the excess holding period return. We trace this effect to news about lower (higher) inflation expectations and could be potentially rationalized by differences in the credibility of the monetary policy authority in each country.     

人民币即期汇率与NDF的关联性：对NDF限制政策的实证研究

检验和揭示境内人民币即期汇率与境外NDF间的互动关系,可为各类市场主体提供有益的市场信息和参考.本文针对2006年10月出台的对境内机构和个人参与境外人民币NDF交易的限制性政策,实证研究了该政策实施后人民币即期汇率与NDF的相互影响.格兰杰因果性检验表明:即期汇率引导12个月期限的NDF;12个月期限的NDF不引导即期汇率.境内现汇市场显现出本土信息优势.在一定程度上说明人民币汇改和限制性措施的成效性,但限制性政策却可能并非长远之计.     

Global asset prices and FOMC announcements

This paper analyzes the impact of U.S. monetary policy announcement surprises on foreign equity indexes, short- and long-term interest rates, and exchange rates in 49 countries. We use two proxies for monetary policy surprises: the surprise change to the current target federal funds rate (target surprise) and the revision to the expected path of future monetary policy (path surprise). We find that different asset classes respond to different components of the monetary policy surprises. Global equity indexes respond mainly to the target surprise; exchange rates and long-term interest rates respond mainly to the path surprise; and short-term interest rates respond to both surprises. On average, a hypothetical surprise 25-basis-point cut in the federal funds target rate is associated with about a 1 percent increase in foreign equity indexes and a 5 basis point decline in foreign short-term interest rates. A surprise 25-basis-point downward revision in the expected path of future policy is associated with about a ½ percent decline in the exchange value of the dollar against foreign currencies and 5 and 8 basis point declines in short- and long-term interest rates, respectively. We also find that asset prices’ responses to FOMC announcements vary greatly across countries, and that these cross-country variations in the response are related to a country’s exchange rate regime. Equity indexes and interest rates in countries with a less flexible exchange rate regime respond more to U.S. monetary policy surprises. In addition, the cross-country variation in the equity market response is strongly related to the percentage of each country’s equity market capitalization owned by U.S. investors. This result suggests that investors’ asset holdings may play a role in transmitting monetary policy surprises across countries.     

Asset Returns and Inflation in Response to Supply,Monetary, and Fiscal Disturbances

This paper identifies sources of asset returns (stock returns and interest rates) and inflation relations. We find that the relation between asset returns and inflation is driven by three types of disturbances to the economy. We interpret them as due to supply disturbances and two types of demand—monetary and fiscal—disturbances. In post-war U.S. data, supply and fiscal disturbances drive a negative stock return-inflation relation, whereas monetary disturbances generate a positive stock return-inflation relation. However, all three types of disturbances generate a negative interest rate-inflation relation. Depending on the interaction of the three types of shocks, we observe different correlations between asset returns and inflation in post- and pre-World War II U.S. data.     

中国货币政策反应函数检验

本文利用历史数据对中国货币当局的政策反应函数进行了实证检验。结果发现,中国货币当局除了按照泰勒(Taylor)规则对通胀偏倚和产出偏倚作出反应之外,还对美国货币政策变量作出反应。这表明,中国货币当局在制定货币政策时已经在某种程度上考虑了国际博弈因素。     

Fixed versus flexible exchange rates in an equilibrium business cycle model

This essay re-examines the question of which exchange rate regime is preferable, using a rational expectations model that explicitly incorporates wealth, and emphasizing the information-signalling role of prices. Previous authors have stressed the argument that floating rates provide agents with an additional source of information, which improves forecasting accuracy, leading to more efficient allocations. This paper adds the counterweighing argument that they also have the effect, in contrast to fixed rates, of introducing an additional source of (monetary) disturbances in the determination of real variables. Another issue addressed is the nature of exchange rate adjustments to monetary disturbances.     

Monetary conservatism and fiscal policy

Does an inflation conservative central bank à la Rogoff (1985) remain desirable in a setting with endogenous fiscal policy? To provide an answer we study monetary and fiscal policy games without commitment in a dynamic, stochastic sticky-price economy with monopolistic distortions. Monetary policy determines nominal interest rates and fiscal policy provides public goods generating private utility. We find that lack of fiscal commitment gives rise to excessive public spending. The optimal inflation rate internalizing this distortion is positive, but lack of monetary commitment generates too much inflation. A conservative monetary authority thus remains desirable. When fiscal policy is determined before monetary policy each period, the monetary authority should focus exclusively on stabilizing inflation. Monetary conservatism then eliminates the steady state biases associated with lack of monetary and fiscal commitment and leads to stabilization policy that is close to optimal.     

Capital controls and monetary policy autonomy in a small open economy

Is there a link between capital controls and monetary policy autonomy in a country with a floating currency? Shocks to capital flows into a small open economy lead to volatility in asset prices and credit supply. To lessen the impact of capital flows on financial instability, a central bank finds it optimal to use the domestic interest rate to “manage” the capital account. Capital account restrictions affect the behavior of optimal monetary policy following shocks to the foreign interest rate. Capital controls allow optimal monetary policy to focus less on the foreign interest rate and more on domestic variables.     

Money supply announcements and interest rates: Does monetary policy matter?

Most current explanations of the effect of money supply announcements on the rate of interest center on central bank policy. This paper analyzes a flexible price macroeconomic model where present and future monetary policy have no influence on either interest rates or real output, but monetary data signal information about real economic activity which influences both short- and long-term real rates of interest. The magnitude of the interest rate response is shown to depend on the difference in the income elasticities of currency and deposit demand and the relative size of monetary and real disturbances to the economy.