The Economics of Private Sector Training: A Survey of the Literature

Abstract.  This survey organizes and summarizes existing theoretical work on private sector training. The theoretical models focus on investment efficiency, finance and turnover. Recent developments in the on-the-job training literature are characterized by strategic interaction between employers and employees and emphasize market imperfections.     

The Impact of a Rapidly Expanding Service Sector on Private Office Property: The Case of Hong Kong

Hong Kong's economy has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past two decades. The rapid expansion of the service sector is a major outcome. Within the services sector, the finance, insurance, real estate (FIRE) and business services sub-sector is the most influential and also the major source of generating demand for office space in the economy. This paper examines how the rapid expansion of the FIRE and business service sub-sector influences new office construction. Using the Engle-Granger (1987) methodology for cointegration and error correction mechanism (ECM), the causal relationships between growth of sub-sectors of the services sector and the new office space construction were explored. The FIRE and business services sub-sector growth is shown to be cointegrated with new office space construction. The paper reports empirical findings based on a sample survey on location and quality of space. The study reveals that the growth of the FIRE and business service sector has influenced office space development in terms of location of space, per capita space and the type and quality space during 1981-2000.     

Natural Disaster Preparedness in the Private Sector: A Model to Refrain from Isolation

Executive leadership operating in isolation may be a subliminal issue that has an impact upon how resources are allocated for preparing organizations to react to a sudden natural disaster. Two forms of isolation that are of particular interest are upper executive aloofness from management and an indifference to groups external to daily operations. Executive leadership may need to expand its attention to establishing a more inclusive strategy by engaging employees at all levels directly as well as those in leadership positions in organizations in both the public and nonprofit sectors.     

资源、制度与研发强度：来自中国民营企业的证据

随着对技术前沿的消化吸收和“刘易斯拐点”的到来,中国企业迫切需要实现从模仿到创新的转变.本文以中国民营企业为研究对象,研究了转型经济中资源、制度与企业研发强度之间的关系.在控制相关变量后,我们发现企业所拥有的资源(如内部知识资源和外部支持)对研发强度有显著正向影响,印证了资源基础观的观点.与此同时,我们发现制度环境的改善并不能显著提高企业的研发强度,制度负向地调节了知识资源和外部支持与研发强度之间的关系.最后,我们讨论了研究结果在转型经济中的理论价值和对企业的实践意义.     

中国PPP项目效率研究:基于国有企业与私营企业充当私人部门的对比分析

国有企业充当私人部门的中国式PPP项目受到多方质疑,事实上,问题的关键在于其相较私营企业充当私人部门的PPP项目是否具有效率优势。筛选了8个PPP案例形成4个对照组,并基于PPP项目效率的概念模型得出案例比较的3个维度下共计21个关注焦点;通过多案例的对比分析,得到不同性质私人部门PPP项目在效率上的优劣并探讨其深层次原因。结果显示:①国有企业因政府的内群体偏好等五方面原因,在技术复杂的大额项目中充当私人部门效率更高;②外资企业因其具有较强的契约精神和丰富的项目经验、民营企业因其组织灵活性高且运营能力强,在技术简单的小额项目中充当私人部门效率更高。在此基础上得出提高中国PPP项目效率的两点管理启示。     

On-duty and Off-duty: Employee Right to Privacy and Employer’s Right to Control in the Private Sector

The changing legal landscape of the right of the employer to control and monitor employee behavior is examined. Two distinct areas are defined: behavioral monitoring and behavioral restrictions. Relevant statutory laws and the developing common law are discussed. We also examine potential employee reactions to such policies by evaluating the reactions of graduate students to six employer policies including weight restrictions, grooming requirements, use of GPS locators, drug testing, ban on off-duty smoking, and email and internet monitoring. Students responded to these policies by determining the reasonable interest of the employer in the behaviors being monitored or controlled and the manner in which policies were implemented. Their comments suggest that employees may accept some level of monitoring or behavioral restrictions if the employer can make a convincing social account of the need for a policy. Additionally, the policy must be clearly communicated and properly implemented. However, restrictions on off-duty behavior were typically poorly received with the exception of illegal drug use.     

The Central Government-Private Sector Wage Differential

Since Ehrenberg and Schwarz (1986) there has been a plethora of articles investigating the relationship between public and private sector wages. This article examines part of this post 1986 literature by reviewing articles that examine central government-private sector wage differentials. In sum, most articles find that there is a premium paid to central government workers, although the premium has declined in recent years. In developing countries, however, the differential is usually negative. Women and minorities tend to do better in the public sector relative to their private sector counterparts. The evidence on union premiums between sectors is mixed, although the premium tends to be higher in the private sector. However public sector union workers do not do much better than private sector union members. The magnitude of all of the wage differentials discussed are sensitive to the estimation technique and data source used. The most common explanation for the public sector wage premium is economic rent accruing to government workers, although the public sector wage determination literature suggests that the differential is due to returns to political and 'vote producing' activities not relevant in the private sector.     

The Service Sector is Also Productive

Does growth come from manufacturing or services? Walter Eltis, Director General of NEDO, and Andrew Murfin, argue there is no evidence that manufacturing is more important as a source of economic growth than services.     

The Suppression of Private Provision

The contention that only the slate can equitably provide such public goods' education, sanitation, and law and order, is based on a misleading of history. The evidence is re-examined by Stephen Davies, Lecturer in the Department of English and History at Manchester Polytechnic, to levcal that state provision was urged by vested interests, rather than a genuine concern for the poor, tor whom the market was increasingly providing.     

基建矿井部门绩效量化考核的设计

当前基建矿井部门绩效考核基本靠个人印象打分决定,这样就失去了绩效考核工作的真实性和公平性。本文将结合基建矿井的特点,从基建矿井部门绩效考核标准的设计上进行优化,以探寻基建矿井部门绩效考核更趋于合理化、科学化的方法。     

业主自治管理中的私人秩序

许多治理机制可以打破交易中存在的囚徒困境所带来的低效率均衡,自发的私人秩序、有组织的私人秩序和公共秩序具有互补性和替代性.城市居住小区的业主要实现有效的资源合作治理,必须让这些秩序及其组合发挥作用.由于业主自治具有公共资源管理性质,缺乏市场激励机制,因此现实中存在了种种障碍和弊端.论文主要探讨了业主内部应如何建立起私人秩序来保证合作的顺利进行.