Tax rate,government revenue and economic performance: A perspective of Laffer curve

The Laffer curve illustrates a theoretical relationship between rates of taxation and the resulting levels of government revenue. This paper explores the relationship between tax rate (direct tax on labor income), government revenue and economic performance in a perspective of the Laffer curve by applying Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The results show that the top of China's Laffer curve is about 40%. The government should consider changes in the entire taxation system and not just changes in direct taxes while increasing direct tax rate. If China wants to maximize tax revenues, the direct tax rate should be 35%. We conduct a variety of sensitivity analyses and conclude that the government tax peak is always 5–10% earlier than the apex of the Laffer curve. So, if a country has reached the top of the Laffer curve, this paper strongly recommends that tax cuts will have positive implications for the economy and government revenue.     

Welfare Effects of Capital Taxation in a Small Open Economy

In a small open economy, the welfare effect of capital taxation depends on the allocation of the tax revenue as well as the tax system. If tax revenues are used to finance debt or government spending, an increase in either residential or territorial capital taxation will reduce the welfare of the representative individual. If tax revenues are transferred intergenerationally, an increase in the residential capital tax rate will increase the steady-state welfare when the after-tax interest rate is greater than the growth rate. If the revenue is rebated to the tax payer, an introduction of territorial capital taxation may increase welfare when the growth rate is relatively high. In the case where either the revenue from residential capital taxation is rebated to the tax payer or the revenue from territorial capital taxation is transferred intergenerationally, the welfare-maximizing tax rate appears to be zero.     

Agricultural Productivity and Economic Growth: Role of Tax Revenues and Infrastructures

To encourage economic growth in a developing economy, higher agricultural productivity has been believed to enhance the manufacturing sector's development, which provides the transition into industrialization. Although this positive linkage between agricultural productivity and economic growth has been judged to be incorrect, based upon the comparative advantage argument in a model of small-open economies by Matsuyama (1992), this article revisits the linkage by extending Matsuyama's model by introducing the revenue-generating effect, which is missing in his model. As agriculture is an important source of taxation in an early stage of economic development, higher agricultural productivity generates more tax revenues and facilitates spending on infrastructure. By introducing government taxation and infrastructure expenditure, we show that under proper conditions, higher agricultural productivity creates a positive growth effect via the revenue generation that dominates the negative growth effect through the comparative advantage. Moreover, introducing infrastructure expenditure may shift the manufacturing sector's original comparative disadvantage into comparative advantage, thereby enabling a trapped economy to take off and eventually industrialize. From the early stages of economic development in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea, we can quantitatively assess an obvious net positive effect of agricultural productivity upon labor allocation and economic growth.     

Tax Elasticities and the Impact of Discretionary Tax Measures on Government Revenue in Papua New Guinea, 1975–92

This paper evaluates tax elasticities and the impact of discretionary tax measures on government revenue in Papua New Guinea (PNG) using a dynamic macroeconometric model of taxation which captures the interaction between GDP, individual tax systems and individual tax revenues and bases. Our findings show that economic growth and discretionary tax changes have both been effective in mobilizing additional tax revenue. However, the responsiveness of the individual tax system reflected base-to-GDP elasticity except personal income tax whose elasticity reflected increased tax rates.     

上海市税收征管效率提高的定量测算与分析:1994-2007

征管效率提高对税收增长贡献的测算是税收理论研究中的一个薄弱环节,文章用Solow余值法对1994—2007年间的上海市税收征管效率进行了定量测算,结果表明在此期间税收征管效率对上海市税收增长的贡献率约为43.86%,文章最后分析了税收征管效率大幅提高的原因及其政策含义。     

我国会计制度与企业所得税法规差异协调策略

税收从产生之日起,就与会计联系在一起。随着人类社会经济的发展,税收与会计的联系更加紧密,它们相互作用、相互影响,在社会经济生活中发挥着越来越大的作用,并成为经济学的两个重要分支。会计制度与税收的处理不仅是税务部门与企业的重要工作,而且对整个社会的经济发展也有着重要的影响,如何处理会计制度与税法之间的关系,既是会计制度和税收制度设计的理论问题,又是征纳双方确定征纳税额和反映会计信息的实践问题。在新的税法出台和新的会计准则实施后我国会计制度与企业所得税法规差异的协调更有意义。     

1992-2003年我国流转税与所得税的发展

分析流转税与所得税近十年的发展变化和未来的增长趋势,结合我国税制改革以来流转税和所得税的发展变化的特点,用实证的方法,拟合流转税和昕得税关于国内生产总值的历史发展轨迹,测算流转税和所得税与各项经济指标的相关系数,具体量化当经济增长一定的条件下,所得税优于流转税的倍数;可建立经济计量模型,得到流转税和所得税应该达到的最优税收比例。     

Tax incidence and price discrimination: An application of theories to gambling markets

This paper examines whether a casino tax is good for local welfare in a tourism economy. We find that what is important for efficiency is not the tax rate itself but the tax incidence on tourists. Casino tourism in Macao engages in price discrimination via market segmentation. We prove that, compared with the mass market, the VIP market will grow faster with a greater price rise if a tax hike on the VIP market is not large, but will grow less rapidly with a smaller price increase if the tax hike is very large. An empirical study is carried out using data from Macao, which is typical of segmenting markets for discriminatory pricing. We show that our theory is largely consistent with observed evidence. This paper also provides some policy recommendations useful for Macao. We propose that its casino tax should be kept low at its current rate in the mass market but be raised substantially in the VIP market if its economic growth is to be made less unbalanced and more sustainable.     

Taxation and the Environment–Health–Poverty Trap: A Policy Experiment Perspective

Under pressures related to economic growth and environmental protection, China is facing an increasingly severe “environment–health–poverty” trap risk. Fuel taxation is generally considered an effective policy to counter such a risk. Since 2009 China has raised the fuel tax rate many times to enhance tax reform. However, the effects of this policy remain unknown. Therefore, it is vitally important to estimate the impacts of China's current fuel taxation policy on environment, public health and the national economy. As the first attempt in existing literature on China, this paper builds a general equilibrium framework with the feedback effect of public health on economy. We find that that the fuel tax policy benefits the adjustment of the economic structure and improves human health; however, it is detrimental to economic growth, public welfare and price stability. In this sense, it plays a limited role in reducing the trap risk and might not be sustainable in the long term.     

"十一五"期间福建省地方税收运行环境分析

本文分析了“十一五”期间福建省经济发展、税务与财政的管理制度改革对地方税收的利弊影响，提出包括建立物业税为地方主体税种稳定地方税收的稳健增长、政策扶持发展地方民营企业壮大经济税源、协调国地税系统征纳标准等建议思考。     

如何培育高质量地方税源——以广东省为例

税收取决于经济,脱离了经济,税收就是无源之水无本之木。因此,税收的关键在于税源。培育高质量地方税源就是要发展地方经济,挖掘出新的经济增长点,增加地方收入的来源,增强地方经济发展的动力。本文通过探讨培育高质量广东地方税源,以建立地方税收收入良性增长的机制,最终达到走出经济萧条,促进地方经济发展的目的。     

公平与效率：我国房地产税制的功能取向与税种设置改革研究

鉴于我国土地资源不合理利用严重与财产和收入分配差距的不断扩大,我国房地产税制改革的主体功能目标应该是促进土地资源配置效率的提高与维护财产和收入分配的社会公平,其税种设置应按照“宽税基、低税率、少减免、简便征管”原则分别在地产税和房产税目下进行,地产税目下按土地取得途径不同设置耕地占用税和城镇土地使用税,房产税目下在房产的交易环节仅设契税、印花税和营业税,在保有环节设置物业税。     

The capital tax paradox in a greening economy

We adopt a simple model of endogenous growth with polluting capital and a fixed budget for aggregate emissions. Pollution abatement efficiency is growing over time due to technical progress. We find that long-run capital and consumption are inversely related to the initial capital stock. Capital taxation does not harm the economy but actually raises long-run consumption and production, which we call the “capital tax paradox.” The reason for this surprising result is that in an economy with a binding carbon policy, early abundance of polluting capital is not a blessing but a curse. It is preferable to have a large capital stock when abatement efficiency has grown sufficiently large. The paper also provides novel results on the impact of pollution intensity and the rate of technical progress on the greening of the economy and the pollution permit prices. In the quantitative part, we calibrate model and study economic growth under different assumptions on the basic model parameters.

     

Optimal taxation and risk-sharing arrangements in an economic federation

This paper analyzes optimal taxation and risk-sharing arrangementsin an economy with two levels of government. Both levels providepublic goods and finance their expenditures via labor incometaxation, where the tax base is responsive to the private agents'labor supply decisions. The localities are assumed to experiencedifferent random productivity shocks, meaning that the privatelabor supply decision as well as the choices of income tax ratesare carried out under uncertainty. Part of the central government'sdecision problem is then to provide tax revenue sharing betweenthe local governments. The optimal degree of revenue sharingdepends on whether or not the localities/regions differ withrespect to labor supply incentives.     

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE STRUCTURE OF TAXES IN SOUTH AFRICA: 1960–2002*

One tenet of taxation is its distorting effect on economic behaviour. Despite the economic inefficiencies resulting from taxation, it is widely believed that taxes impact minimally on the economy's growth rate. Evidence in developing countries generally supports this view. In this paper, we present evidence that tax distortions in South Africa may be much more severe. Using tax and economic data from 1960 to 2002 and a two‐stage modelling technique to control for unobservable business cycle variables, we examine the relationship between total taxation, the mix of taxation and economic growth. We find that decreased tax burdens are strongly associated with increased economic growth potential; in addition, contrary to most theoretical research, decreased indirect taxation relative to direct taxation is strongly correlated with increased economic growth potential.     

论我国生态税征收和比较的分析

本文认为我国目前生态环境破坏严重,应该进行生态补偿,而税收是有效的生态补偿的经济手段。在分析税收的基础上,本文指出了生态税从现行税收体制中单列的技术系统,建立了动态征收生态税的模型和比较不同地区税负水平的方法,最后提出了我国税制建立的设计原则。     

征税能抑制企业涉房投资吗——兼论“脱实向虚”的另一条路径

近年来企业过度持有不动产的涉房投资倾向引发广泛关注，也背离了"脱虚向实"的政策导向。文章基于土地增值二次分配理论，利用2007-2019年我国沪、深两市上市公司微观数据考察了持有环节和转出环节税收对企业涉房投资行为的影响。实证结果显示：因为税基不能随房地产市场价值灵活升高，造成持有环节的房土两税表现出一定的累退性特征，从而无法有效抑制企业涉房投资；相比而言，转出环节的土地增值税能够显著抑制企业涉房投资倾向。进一步基于省级宏观面板数据的非对称反应模型估计结果显示，当前各地区土地增值税的征管力度受到地方政府的刻意操控，出现了相邻省份之间的标杆竞争现象，特别是省份间的竞低效应尤其突出，这对有效发挥土地增值税的作用产生了不利影响。文章的研究对未来进一步完善税制改革和引导企业投资"脱虚向实"具有一定的参考意义。     

资源税改革的预期效应分析

资源税改革是我国＂十二五＂期间构建有利于转变经济发展方式的财税体制的重要内容之一。2010年6月起,资源税改革率先在新疆试点,对地方财政收入具有重要的影响,但对企业生产成本以及税负转嫁对下游企业和消费品的影响不容忽视。短期来看,改革可能导致物价上行的压力值得关注;长期来看,资源价格变动引发物价全面上涨的可能性并不大。     

如何从支付系统完善电子商务税收征管

电子商务给传统贸易方式和社会经济活动带来了巨大的冲击,同时也对税收制度、税收征管、税收规则等提出了新的挑战。银行的支付系统与电子商务交易以及电子商务税收征管都息息相关,但因为历史的原因,我国银行、税务、国库、工商、公安各自独立的网络体系又制约了目前依赖银行、工商等部门网络体系的税务机关对蓬勃发展的电子商务税收征管的进程。本文从基于"资金流"的电子商务税务征管思路出发,针对我国现状,探讨从银行支付系统本身以及银税横向联网等各方面来完善电子商务税收征管,使我国经济在21世纪能持续发展。     

A Study of Headquarter Economy Taxation Characteristics and Its Effects

Headquarter economy is a new economic concept which has an important effect on regional economy and has become a tax contribution as a main aspect. According to the characteristics of the items of taxation and the strategic choice of the headquarter enterprise, the paper analyzes the headquarter economy taxation characteristics and illustrates the taxation effect of headquarter economy through empirical analysis.