Effects of Public Infrastructure on Cost Structure and Productivity in the Private Sector

This paper examines the effects of public infrastructure on the cost structure and productivity in the private sector in Australia. Translog cost functions incorporating public capital infrastructure are estimated for the aggregate private sector as well as for seven broad industry groups using annual time series data for 1968/69–1995/96. The effects of public infrastructure on productivity are measured in terms of both cost-saving and output-augmenting measures. The empirical results suggest that public infrastructure has a positive and significant impact on productivity in private sector industries. Public capital serves as a substitute for both private capital and labour. The rates of return to public capital are significant and vary over the sample period.     

Entry into the Schooling Market: How is the Behaviour of Private Suppliers Influenced by Public Sector Decisions?

This research examines the location choice of private schools entering the California schooling market in 1979–80. We find that entrants are more likely to locate in public school districts with lower levels of per–pupil expenditure and higher fractions of public school students who reside in low–income households. In addition, we provide evidence of differences in the responsiveness of different types of private schools to the underlying conditions. Also, in comparing our results to those of previous research, we find that the determinants of the location choices of entrants appear to be the same as the determinants of the location pattern of incumbent private schools.     

财政分权、公共部门效率与医疗卫生服务供给

文章基于财政分权与公共部门效率间关系在我国仍未引起足够重视以及国外相关研究尚不成熟的现实背景,首先从理论层面构建财政分权与公共部门效率之间倒“U”形关系的理论框架;然后在构建财政分权组合指标体系的基础上,运用三种组合指标预测方法和Shannon-Spearman方法对中国式财政分权水平重新进行测度;并将公共部门提供公共服务的全要素生产率指数分解为技术效率指数与技术进步指数,以医疗卫生部门为例,采取Malmquist生产率指数方法全面测度我国地方政府医疗卫生服务供给的三种效率指数;最后选择以财政分权作为门限变量建立面板门限回归模型,实证检验财政分权与医疗卫生服务供给之间是否存在倒“U”形关系.研究发现:(1)当财政分权位于第一和第二区域内,即分权水平小于0.5263时,财政分权水平的增加有利于医疗卫生服务供给效率的提升;但当财政分权从第一区制进入第二区域内,即分权水平位于0.3643与0.5263之间时,财政分权对医疗卫生服务供给效率的激励效应出现下降.(2)当财政分权进入第三区域内,即分权水平大于0.5263时,财政分权与医疗卫生服务供给效率之间负相关,即财政分权水平的提高反而不利于医疗卫生服务的供给.(3)财政分权与医疗卫生服务供给之间的倒“U”形关系主要是通过影响医疗卫生服务供给的技术进步实现的.     

中国公共部门劳动生产效率实证研究

借鉴Karras(2007)的实证模型,本文利用中国1988-2007年30个省、市、自治区的面板数据,对公共部门的劳动生产效率进行实证分析,结果显示:(1)中国公共部门的劳动产出弹性为0.008;(2)中国公共部门的劳动边际产出高于非公共部门;(3)中国公共部门劳动人员的显性工资存在低估。虽然中国公共部门的劳动边际产出相对于非公共部门高,但其产出弹性仍处于较低水平。本文的政策含义是:加大劳动密集型公共品供给力度,有利于提高中国整个经济的产出水平;中国非公共部门需要改变劳动力粗放投入模式,地方政府应鼓励私人部门为员工提供多元化的职业培训与技能教育,以提高其边际产出。同时,优化公务员薪酬结构,将隐性收入逐步纳入正规货币工资范围之中。     

Xenophobia and the Size of the Public Sector in France: A Politico-economic Analysis

Anti-immigrant feeling (xenophobia) among voters was a key factor in the second-place victory of Jean Le Pen's National Front Party in the 2002 French national election. Here, we study the effect of anti-immigrant sentiment on the equilibrium position of political parties on the economic issue, which we take to be the size of the public sector. We model political competition among three parties (Left, Right, and Extreme Right) on a two-dimensional policy space (public sector size, immigration issue) using the PUNE model. We calibrate the model to French data for the election years 1988 and 2002, and show that politics have changed significantly over this period, from being centered primarily on economic issues, to non-economic issues such as immigration and security/law-and-order. We estimate that in 2002, the effect of voter xenophobia was to reduce the voters' choice of public-sector size between 11% and 28% of one standard deviation of the population's distribution of public-sector size ideal points, from what it would have been, absent xenophobia.     

浅议法治进程中公权力与私权利的定位——由“2004年西安发展十大教训”引发的法律思考

在目前的法治进程中公权力处于强势和支配地位,而私权利则处于弱小和被支配地位。为了防止公权力侵害私权利,我们要对公权力与私权利进行合理定位,必须遵循权力法定、权力制约、权力制衡、惩罚法定四个法定原则。只有这样,公权力与私权利才能处于均衡状态,从而有利于法治社会的实现。     

民营经济何以应对入世

1.树立新观念.新世纪需要新观念,新体制需要新观念,新经济需要新观念,加入世贸的新形势需要新观念.     

Fiscal Institutions and Wage Bargaining in the Local Public Sector

In a theoretical analysis of the properties of different wage setting and financing systems in the local public sector, two financing systems are considered. A benchmark model with local financing through local taxes is compared with a system of centralized financing through grants, where taxes are decided at the national level. It is shown that the wage outcomes under centralized financing depend heavily on the order of moves in the budgetary game between the central and local levels.
JEL Classification : H 23; J 45     

民营经济发展中地方政府行为探析--兼谈温州民营经济的发展

改革开放以来,温州已成为发展民营经济的积极领跑者。温州区域经济是典型的以民营经济作为主要增长点,在民营经济占温州国内生产总值和工业总产值绝对优势的情况下,从1978年到2001年,温州全市国内生产总值按可比价计算翻了4．8番,工业总产值按可比价计算翻了7．3番,市财政收入1978年仅为1．35亿元,2001年为95．1亿元,2002达到126．26亿元。     

Strategic Complementarity in the Dynamic Private Provision of a Discrete Public Good

Individual voluntary contributions to a discrete public good are shown to be strategic complements in a dynamic private provision game. This is in contrast to a public good that can take on any value in a continuum where they are strategic substitutes.     

我国社会阶层构成及私营经济性质分析

本文依据江泽民“七一”讲话中关于我国社会阶层构成的论断,论证了颇有争议的私营经济的定位问题。文章认为,我国改革开放后出现的包括私营经济在内的多种民营经济并不是资本主义性质的经济,我国的民营企业主、私营企业主也并非是属于资产阶级的剥削者。     

Tax Competition, Capital Mobility and Innovation in the Public Sector

Abstract. The paper analyses the impact of tax competition on innovation in the public sector. It is shown that the effects of increased mobility of the tax base on innovation and growth are ambiguous. The negative relationship is more likely, however. Moreover, it is shown that a Leviathan government may be induced to spend a larger share of its budget on unproductive activities.     

公共部门非经营性资产绩效评价研究

公共部门资产绩效评价不同于企业经营性资产绩效评价,也不同于公共支出绩效评价和公共部门业绩评价。资产的非效益性目标、公共部门绩效的非货币计量以及公共部门及其资产的复杂性是资产绩效评价的难点。建立以资产质量、安全、效率、贡献为核心指标,以相对指标和价值指标为主体,核心指标统一、辅助指标分类设置的绩效评价指标体系是公共部门资产绩效评价的基本思路。     

Less Government—More Wealth? On the Macroeconomics of a Smaller Public Sector in Europe

In this paper, we analyze the reactions of European economies to a fiscal policy strategy aiming at diminishing the public sector. Within the framework of the MSG3 model, a macroeconomic model of the world economy, we perform several simulation experiments to explore the effects of reducing government expenditures permanently in different phases of the business cycle. For this purpose, we combine the fiscal contraction with negative and positive, Euro Area-wide and global, supply and demand shocks. It turns out that adverse Keynesian effects on output and employment tend to be mostly weak and short-lived, whereas long-run effects on output and employment are favorable. Due to these long-run effects, the fiscal contraction policy raises welfare as measured by an asymmetric quadratic objective function. The size of these welfare effects depends on the initial situation in a non-trivial manner.     

新市场环境下公共部门营销模式研究——基于数据结构方程的实证分析

在新市场环境下,公共部门面临着公共产品的需求差异化与供给多元化的双重压力,对社会口碑及信任的自然继承转变为争夺,因而需将公共部门营销及公信力建设提上议事日程.本文依据顾客价值理论与顾客导向理念.提出公民导向、公共服务品质、公共价值、社会评价与公信力之间相关性的理论模型,并运用数据结构方程进行实证分析.研究结论表明公共部门应引入企业竞争理念,直接对公民需求负责,积极提升公共产品品质,创造性的开发差异化公共产品,这是公共部门赢得积极社会评价与公民信任的有效途径.     

东亚投资合作亟待深化

投资合作是东亚经济合作必不可缺的重要组成部分,它与贸易合作、金融合作共同形成东亚经济合作的三大基石,投资合作是贸易合作长期发展的必要支撑,相互投资的发展必将有力地推动区内贸易的长期持续发展,而且为金融合作奠定了需求,激励金融合作向前推进.目前,东亚投资合作已经滞后于贸易合作与金融合作,在当前投资合作需要更加迫切、合作条件更加成熟的形势下,亟待东亚各国政府采取更加有力的行动来进一步推动投资合作向前发展.     

市民社会、公共领域及其与中国法治发展的关系

当前,学术界围绕着中国历史上有没有市民社会、如何界定市民社会的内涵、和市民社会的价值等问题展开深入研究。这种状况的出现是以中国市场经济与市民社会发展时期的经济态势相吻合为历史背景的。本文以对市民社会的理解为基础,分析西方市民社会的发展过程和中国社会的独特性,以期找到一条有利于中国法治发展的道路。