基于能值理论的湖南省耕地利用集约度演变研究

研究耕地资源的高效集约利用对社会经济发展具有重要意义。采用能值理论的研究方法,运用湖南统计年鉴相关数据,从农业机械集约度、化肥集约度、农药集约度、农膜集约度和劳动力集约度等5个方面,着重分析了湖南省2003~2012年间耕地利用集约度的时空变化特征。结果表明:总体看,2003~2012年,湖南省耕地利用集约度呈增长趋势,10年间耕地利用集约度共上升了0.252 8,其中生产要素集约度共增加了0.230 2,而复种指数增加了0.018 4。从各要素看,2003~2012年湖南省的农业机械、农药、农膜、化肥集约度都呈增长趋势,研究期间农药集约度增加了0.035×10~(13)sej/hm~2;化肥增加了3.111×10~(13)sej/hm~2;农膜增长了0.01×10~(13)sej/hm~2。而劳动集约度呈下降趋势;复种指数在研究时间段内总体呈上升趋势;耕地利用集约度在生产要素集约度和复种指数的综合作用下不断上升;从区域差异看,长株潭城市群和环洞庭湖区耕地利用集约度较高,因为该区域有比较优越的地理经济区位。而化肥、机械、劳动力投入水平都比较低的山地丘陵地区,工业辅助能集约度要低于劳动集约度,耕地利用集约度低。并结合分析结果和湖南省情提出了相关建议。     

农户视角耕地集约利用及驱动机制的内生差异研究

目的 基于农户视角，将家庭生计及耕地规模纳入农户观察，探析农户耕地集约利用模式及驱动机制的内生性差异，为针对性农户耕地集约利用政策优化提供依据。方法 文章运用生产要素能值分析法（Emergy Analysis）对农户耕地利用集约度进行测算和对比，结合ArcGIS标准差椭圆和Pearson相关性分析，系统探究农户耕地利用集约度空间分布及驱动机制的差异性。结果 （1）农户间的耕地利用集约度的结构差异主要表现在化肥、机械和劳动力三方面，耕地面积较小的兼业户（占农户总量的64%）耕地利用集约度较高，耕地面积较大的纯农户耕地利用集约度较低；（2）农户间耕地利用集约度在空间上形成积累性差异，其中纯农户耕地利用集约度的西南—东北方向性显著、高值区呈点状分散，而兼业户耕地利用集约度分布的东—西方向性显著、高值区呈带状集聚，在东—西和南—北方向上成“倒U型”趋势分布；（3）纯农户耕地利用集约度更易受自身属性驱动（文化程度、耕地面积和破碎度等），而兼业户耕地利用集约度对当地经济（GDP）、地区农业发展（农业产值、区域复种指数）等区域型外部因子更为敏感。结论 农户间耕地利用集约度及其空间分布异质性显著，其驱动机制具有一定隐含差异，农户耕地利用模式的优化需“因户制宜”合理引导。     

江苏沿海地区农田生态系统碳源/汇时空变化及公平性研究

目的 开展区域农田生态系统碳源/汇及其时空格局研究,对农田生态系统管理与农业可持续发展具有重要意义。方法 文章采用碳排放系数法、农作物经济产量法分别估算农田生态系统碳排放量、碳吸收量,并构建生态承载效率指数、经济贡献效率指数对2007—2016年江苏沿海地区农田生态系统碳源/汇的时空变化以及公平性进行研究。结果 （1）江苏沿海地区农田生态系统碳排放先上升后下降,并呈中间高,南北低的分布格局。化肥、农药使用是碳排放的主要因素,农膜、柴油使用对碳排放影响逐渐增加。（2）江苏沿海地区农田生态系统碳吸收总体呈上升趋势,呈中西部高,南北低的分布格局。稻谷和小麦碳吸收占比高达75%,蔬菜碳吸收年平均增长率高达6.84%,逐渐成为江苏沿海碳吸收重要来源。（3）江苏沿海地区10个县（市、区）农业发展的生态、经济效率较好,启东市、海门市、赣榆区、盐城市区、大丰区、射阳县等6个县（市、区）碳汇和农业总产值的比例低于碳排放比例,是影响江苏沿海地区农业低碳发展的关键地区。结论 江苏沿海地区农田生态系统碳源/汇动态区域差异较大,需要针对不同区域情况制定和完善差异化减排策略。     

山东省耕地利用集约度时空变化及政策启示

研究目的:通过分析1993-2014年山东省耕地利用集约度总体和各投入要素集约度的时空变化特征及影响因素,进而探讨耕地利用集约度与社会经济发展水平的协调程度,并提出相应政策措施,以提高山东省耕地集约利用水平,保障区域粮食安全。研究方法:能值分析、GIS空间分析、主成分分析。研究结果:(1)1993-2014年,山东省耕地利用集约度总体呈增长态势,而劳动集约度不断下降;资本集约度中,属于省工性投入的农业机械集约度呈现出显著的线性增长特征,属于增产性投入的化肥、农药和农膜集约度均呈先升后降的趋势。(2)全省耕地集约利用水平空间差异明显,总体上呈"东西高,南北低"的特点。(3)耕地利用集约度在一定程度上受社会经济发展水平的制约,两者存在着不协调现象。研究结论:1993-2014年,山东省耕地利用集约度不断上升的同时也存在明显的区域差异,不同区域应依据当地自然和社会经济条件,采取相应措施提高耕地集约利用水平。     

“双碳”目标下广东省农业生态效率时空演变及影响因素研究

目的 农业生态效率与农业现代化、“双碳”目标有着密切关系。通过构建农业生态效率评价指标体系评价广东省农业生态效率。方法 文章运用考虑非期望产出的超效率SBM模型与核密度估计分析2010—2020年广东省农业生态效率时空演进特征,并利用Tobit回归模型探究影响因素。结果 （1）时序演变上,广东省总体上农业生态效率先提升后降低,其中,2010—2016年为波动上升阶段,2016—2020年为波动下降阶段;（2）空间变化上,广东省农业生态效率呈现由区域核心内层向外层阶梯递减的格局,不同等级效率水平差异显著;（3）动态演化上,广东省农业生态效率空间非均衡性特征明显,核密度曲线整体右移并处于“双峰”状态,存在梯度效应并呈两极分化趋势;（4）影响因素中,农业产值比重、化肥使用强度、劳均耕地规模、人均GDP、财政支农水平等因素是对“双碳”目标下广东省农业生态效率时空演变产生影响的主要因素。结论 为提高农业生态效率,在促进农业生产技术进步同时应更加注重农业要素资源合理配置,把握不同区域农业资源特征,制定适宜的农业绿色低碳发展政策。     

乡村振兴视域下京津冀农业绿色发展水平综合评价分析

目的 京津冀农业绿色发展水平综合评价,以期为该区域农业绿色高质量发展提供借鉴。方法 文章基于乡村振兴战略背景构建京津冀农业绿色发展水平评价指标体系,选择熵权法确定权重,并运用综合评价法对2010—2020年京津冀及其各区域的农业绿色发展水平和发展趋势进行评价。结果 （1）2010—2020年京津冀农业绿色发展水平不断得到提升,其中贡献率最大的是环境友好,其次是农村发展和生态保护,资源利用贡献率最小。（2）区域发展相同点：2020年京津冀3地农业绿色发展水平差异不大,表现为协同发展趋势,并且3地区均表现为环境友好贡献率最大,资源利用变化趋势均呈现先降低后增加的趋势;区域发展不同点：3地农业绿色发展变化趋势、变化幅度和变化的时间点不同,河北表现为更大的变化幅度,尤其是生态保护表现为先降低后增高的趋势。结论 京津冀农业绿色发展总体呈现良好的发展趋势,尤其表现在化肥、农药减施和地膜回收等方面,京津冀农业绿色发展取得了阶段性的提升。但是也存在明显的短板,如农业水资源和节水灌溉面积不足,水土流失治理水平、能源利用效率等方面仍需进一步加强。从区域差异看,北京资源利用水平较低,天津和河北生态保护水平较低。京津冀协同发展中资源利用仍然是主要短板,其次是生态保护和农村发展,创新农业科技,提高土地生产率,提高资源能源利用率仍然任重道远。     

中国农膜利用效率的空间差异及分布动态演进

目的 在农业种植中使用农膜能够改善和优化栽培条件,但农膜的过量使用导致从“白色革命”变成了“白色污染”,对自然环境的影响较大,国家高度重视农业的绿色发展,因而提升农膜的利用效率迫在眉睫,不同地区农膜利用效率的差异给农业区域的协调发展带来很大的挑战,期望以此提升农膜利用效率来促进农业高质量发展。方法 文章采用全局参比的非期望产出SBM模型测算2010—2019年中国各地的农膜利用效率,并借助“ArcGIS软件”绘制农膜利用效率的空间分布格局图来考察其空间分布,利用Theil指数和Kernel核密度估计方法考察其动态演进。结果 （1）中国不同地区农膜利用效率存在一定程度上的差异,大体呈现出东部和西部农膜利用效率高,中部农膜利用效率低的空间分布特征。（2）在变化趋势上,东部和西部呈现出先增后降的趋势,中部地区的变化幅度比较稳定。（3）中国总体农膜利用效率的Kernel密度函数中心呈现出右移的态势,且发展过程出现 “宽峰—尖峰—宽峰”的演进规律,该结果表明,农膜的总体利用效率在提高,且空间差异表现出先缩小后扩大的演进趋势。结论 各地在提高发展的同时,应该结合自身实际情况,因地制宜地制定提高农膜利用效率的政策,以促进农业区域的协调发展。     

基于DPSIR-TOPSIS模型的耕地资源环境承载力分析以安徽省颍上县为例

目的 通过测算县域尺度耕地资源环境承载力,为耕地数量、质量与生态“三位一体”保护提供参考,为农业绿色高质量发展提供支撑。方法 文章根据DPSIR模型构建安徽省颍上县耕地资源环境承载力的评价指标体系,并采用改进的TOPSIS方法与障碍度模型,测算了2010—2019年安徽省颍上县耕地资源环境承载力指数并识别了制约当地资源环境承载力的障碍因子。结果 （1）2010—2019年从承载力指数看,颍上县耕地资源环境承载力总体呈现出“波浪式”上升的态势。其中,2010—2013年耕地资源环境承载力指数0.36下降至0.33;2014—2019年耕地资源承载力指数从2014年0.41上升至2019年0.70,承载力水平实现了从中级向良好的转变。（2）从障碍因子看,影响耕地资源环境承载力的关键因子由高标准农田比例、农药施用强度、土壤有机质平均值、免耕面积比转变为人均农业产值产出、人均耕地面积、土壤pH。结论 颍上县耕地资源环境承载力目前处于良好水平,同时在基础设施、体制机制等方面还有提升空间,为此提出以下政策建议：（1）加快高标准农田建设,提升耕地产能。（2）科学合理利用耕地,推进农业绿色发展。（3）加强土壤环境监测与治理,建立耕地保护的激励与管控机制。     

下辽河平原区耕地质量演变及障碍因素诊断

目的 为探究2008—2018年下辽河平原区耕地质量演变情况,明确该区域影响耕地质量变化的障碍因素及其分布。方法 文章将2016年耕地质量等级国家标准统一应用于2008年和2018年该区域耕地质量等级评价,采用障碍度模型对2008—2018年该区域耕地质量等级评价指标影响耕地质量的障碍程度进行诊断,依据每个指标障碍度大小排序确定影响耕地质量变化的障碍因素,根据不同区域评价指标障碍程度差异确定的障碍因素进行类型组合形成分区。结果 （1）11年间下辽河平原区耕地质量等级总体呈现上升趋势,以中高等级耕地为主。其中一、二等级耕地面积上升,三至九等级耕地面积出现下降且三等地下降幅度较大,下降的区域主要包括昌图县、台安县、辽中区、辽阳县和灯塔市等地。（2）研究区主要障碍因素类型区以单一指标灌溉能力、有机质、地形部位型障碍因素类型区为主。11年间障碍因素分区整体处于稳定状态,呈现为灌溉能力型障碍因素类型区为主,主要集中在北部和东南部地区、康平县、辽中区、凌海市和黑山县部分地区,障碍因素分区结构呈现由单一重度障碍转变为多种重度障碍并存的趋势。（3）2008—2018年下辽河平原区耕地质量等级上升了0.16等,耕地质量等级保持中高水平,等级上升的区域面积高于下降的区域,灌溉能力指标是影响下辽河流域耕地质量等级变化的主要指标之一,土壤有机质在11年间有所改善但变化较少。（4）单一指标型障碍因素类型区呈现下降趋势,而含有两个重度障碍度指标的面积呈现上升趋势,且障碍因素类型区增多,呈现重度障碍度指标复杂化的趋势。结论 2008—2018年下辽河平原区耕地质量等级总体上升反映了11年间耕地质量保护与提升等政策和措施取得了一定的成效,未来耕地质量保护与提升应该在明确耕地质量等级和主控障碍因素基础上确定更加精准的目标和方向,从而实现耕地质量等级的靶向提升。     

基于生态安全视角的耕地生态补偿财政转移支付研究以湖北省为例

目的 基于生态安全视角，通过建立耕地生态安全状况与地方土地财政的定量关系，解决耕地生态保护资金来源问题，建立地方政府耕地生态保护行为激励模式。方法 文章利用耕地投入—产出的能值理论，从“压力—状态—响应”方面选取17个指标建立耕地生态安全评价体系，评价2017年湖北省103个县（市、区）的耕地生态状况，构建计量模型揭示耕地生态安全与地区土地财政之间的关系，划分生态补偿区域并建立耕地生态转移支付模型。结果 湖北省耕地利用能值结构偏不合理，农业机械、农药和化肥等投入量较大，耕地的产出—投入比偏低；湖北省耕地生态安全状况水平偏低，大部分粮棉油基地多属于耕地安全临界区及安全敏感区，且耕地生态安全水平差异显著，生态安全值最低地区为江汉区（0.301 1），最高为利川市（0.663 4）；通过新增建设用地建立两者之间的关系可得，耕地生态综合评分值每增长1个单位，新增建设用地对应减少2.809 hm²，地方政府土地财政收入减少283.203万元。计算得耕地生态支付区达46个，其中江汉区支付额最高（15 859.368万元），受偿区共22个，其中恩施市受偿额最高（7 645.695万元），各县（市、区）的财政转移支付额度占其当年财政总收入的比例在0.120%~3.861%，具有可操作性。结论 为实现耕地高效持续利用、建立地区政府耕地生态保护激励机制、创新生态补偿资金来源提供新视角。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.