Investor Sentiment and Stock Returns: Evidence from Turkey

This paper investigates the relation between investor sentiment and stock returns on the Istanbul Stock Exchange, employing vector autoregressive (VAR) analysis and Granger causality tests. The sample period extends from July 1997 to June 2005. In the VAR models, stock portfolio returns and investor sentiment proxies are used as endogenous variables. Two dummy variables accounting for natural and economic crises are used as exogenous variables. The analysis results suggest that, excepting shares of equity issues in aggregate issues, stock portfolio returns seem to affect all investor sentiment proxies, namely closed-end fund discount, mutual fund flows, odd-lot sales-to-purchases ratio, and repo holdings of mutual funds. Investor sentiment does not appear to forecast future stock returns; only the turnover ratio of the stock market seems to have forecasting potential.     

我国投资者情绪与股票收益实证研究

根据投资者情绪是股票价格形成重要影响因素这一研究观点,围绕投资者情绪是否构成系统性风险及其对不同类型股票的差异化影响,运用我国股市交易数据进行的实证研究结果表明,投资者情绪不构成股市的系统性风险,但对不同市值的股票有着差异化的影响,随着股票的"投机性"增加,投资者情绪对其影响也增大.此外,投资者情绪会削弱股票收益与其波动的正相关性,且对于"投机性"越高的股票,这一影响也越大.     

Investor Sentiment and REIT Returns

Recent advances in the field of behavioral finance have given a fillip to the use of behavioral factors in asset pricing models. This study adds to the understanding of the REIT return generating process by exploring the behavioral impact of investor sentiment on REIT returns. The results show that when investors are optimistic (pessimistic), REIT returns become higher (lower). These findings are robust when conventional control variables are considered. Empirical analysis indicates steady erosion in the importance of the default and term structure interest rate variables previously considered as important determinants of REIT returns. Previous noise trading papers that consider the impact of institutional traders conclude that institutional investors cannot arbitrage away noise trader risk. The results of this paper find an exception in the case of small REITs. Examination of REITs based on size reveals that the return generating process of small REITs differs from that of mid-size and large REITs. Analysis of the return generating process by performance shows high performance REITs are more sensitive to the independent variables in the model as compared to the low and mid performance REITs.     

Expectations and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns

Previous research has shown that stocks with low prices relative to book value, cash flow, earnings, or dividends (that is, value stocks) earn high returns. Value stocks may earn high returns because they are more risky. Alternatively, systematic errors in expectations may explain the high returns earned by value stocks. I test for the existence of systematic errors using survey data on forecasts by stock market analysts. I show that investment strategies that seek to exploit errors in analysts' forecasts earn superior returns because expectations about future growth in earnings are too extreme.     

Sports Sentiment and Stock Returns

This paper investigates the stock market reaction to sudden changes in investor mood. Motivated by psychological evidence of a strong link between soccer outcomes and mood, we use international soccer results as our primary mood variable. We find a significant market decline after soccer losses. For example, a loss in the World Cup elimination stage leads to a next‐day abnormal stock return of ?49 basis points. This loss effect is stronger in small stocks and in more important games, and is robust to methodological changes. We also document a loss effect after international cricket, rugby, and basketball games.     

中美股市收益率与投资者情绪联动性研究

本文基于投资者情绪的视角,选取2003年6月至2015年6月的数据,通过实证研究美国投资者情绪指数对中国股票市场收益率的影响及其背后的机制,得到四点主要结论:一、美国投资者情绪对中国股市收益率的影响总体是正向的,但存在"反转"现象,即美国投资者情绪会先对中国股市收益率有负向冲击,后转为正向影响。二、以2011年为临界点,美国投资者情绪传染所需的时间缩短,上述负向冲击的时间从3个月缩短到2个月,正向冲击的时间从2个月缩短到1个月。三、国际收支平衡表中的"证券投资负债"项目的规模越大,美国投资者情绪对中国股市收益率的影响力越强,表明资本流入和跨境资产配置是美国投资者情绪影响我国市场的机制之一。四、中介效应检验显示,美国投资者情绪可通过中国投资者情绪间接影响中国股市收益率,投资者情绪传染是美国投资者情绪影响我国股市的另一机制。     

The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns

Two easily measured variables, size and book-to-market equity, combine to capture the cross-sectional variation in average stock returns associated with market β, size, leverage, book-to-market equity, and earnings-price ratios. Moreover, when the tests allow for variation in β that is unrelated to size, the relation between market β and average return is flat, even when β is the only explanatory variable.     

Asset Growth and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns

We test for firm-level asset investment effects in returns by examining the cross-sectional relation between firm asset growth and subsequent stock returns. Asset growth rates are strong predictors of future abnormal returns. Asset growth retains its forecasting ability even on large capitalization stocks. When we compare asset growth rates with the previously documented determinants of the cross-section of returns (i.e., book-to-market ratios, firm capitalization, lagged returns, accruals, and other growth measures), we find that a firm's annual asset growth rate emerges as an economically and statistically significant predictor of the cross-section of U.S. stock returns.     

Individual Investor Trading and Stock Returns

This paper investigates the dynamic relation between net individual investor trading and short‐horizon returns for a large cross‐section of NYSE stocks. The evidence indicates that individuals tend to buy stocks following declines in the previous month and sell following price increases. We document positive excess returns in the month following intense buying by individuals and negative excess returns after individuals sell, which we show is distinct from the previously shown past return or volume effects. The patterns we document are consistent with the notion that risk‐averse individuals provide liquidity to meet institutional demand for immediacy.     

Online Search Frequency,Retail Investor Overreaction,and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns: Evidence from the Chinese Stock Market

I find a strong negative relation between online search frequency and future returns on the Chinese stock market. I suggest that this effect captures retail investor overreaction to unexpected signals, because online search frequency reflects the efforts made by investors to obtain firm-specific knowledge. The effect is particularly strong in stocks with high information uncertainty (high analyst dispersion, big past earnings surprises, low analyst coverage, and large trading volume), whose intrinsic values are difficult or costly for investors to estimate. Online search frequency as a direct indicator of retail investors’ reaction to signals also sheds light on the idiosyncratic volatility (IVOL) puzzle. I find that this puzzle is more pronounced in high-search-frequency subsamples and disappears in low-search-frequency subsamples. Further evidence shows that high search frequency strengthens the negative IVOL effect in stocks with positive signals but weakens this effect in stocks with negative signals. I suggest that the IVOL puzzle in the Chinese market can be partially explained as a reversal following overreaction to positive signals by retail investors.     

Monetary Policy and the Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns

Ample evidence shows that size and book-to-market equity explain significant cross-sectional variation in stock returns, whereas beta explains little or none of the variation. Recent studies also demonstrate that proxies for monetary stringency increase the explained variation in stock returns. We reexamine a three-factor model that includes beta, size, and book-to-market equity, while allowing monetary conditions to influence the relations between these risk factors and average stock returns. We find that ex-ante proxies for monetary stringency significantly influence the relations between stock returns and all three risk factors. Additionally, all three variables are found to contribute significantly to explaining cross-sectional returns in a three-factor model that includes the monetary sector.     

投资者情绪、风险承担与股票收益

本文从整体投资者情绪和投资者情绪分歧两个维度,考察投资者情绪截面特征对股票定价的影响,并探究投资者情绪对股票定价的影响机制。一方面,分别使用投资者情绪横截面均值和方差表征整体投资者情绪和投资者情绪分歧,并构建同时包含整体投资者情绪和投资者情绪分歧的资产定价模型。另一方面,使用沪深A股上市公司2007—2020年面板数据,实证检验上述理论模型的结论。理论和实证研究表明,整体投资者情绪和投资者情绪分歧均显著正向影响股票收益,两者的交互作用负向影响股票收益;整体投资者情绪和投资者情绪分歧均显著提高风险承担水平,而风险承担水平的提高会增加股票收益,即风险承担在投资者情绪对股票收益的影响中起到了中介作用。     

The Cross-Section of Stock Returns on The Shanghai Stock Exchange

This study explores the cross-sectional stock return behavior on the A-share market of the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE), which is segmented from world's other equity markets. We estimate the effects of beta, firm size, book-to-market equity ratio and a variable unique to the Chinese stock markets, the proportion of firm's floating (tradable) equity over total equity on SSE stocks over the period 1993–2002. We find that smaller firms and value stocks perform better. Systematic risk is negatively significant in down markets. The proportion of floating equity has no direct effect on stock returns. JEL Classification: G14, G15     

投资者情绪、宏观经济变量及股票市场的关系研究

选取2010年7月至2017年7月沪深300指数、5个投资者情绪代理变量、11个宏观经济变量的月度数据,首先通过主成分分析法构造出投资者情绪因子、经济增长因子和货币因子,然后采用VAR模型研究了这三个因子与沪深300指数之间的关系,结果发现:沪深300指数除了受其自身滞后项的影响,投资者情绪也起到了较强的正向作用;投资者情绪则主要受到了沪深300指数和货币因子的影响,且沪深300指数从第4期开始成为最重要的因素;经济增长因子主要受自身影响;而货币因子除了受自身影响外,经济增长因子也起着较大的作用。     

Investor Attention and Stock Returns: International Evidence

This article examines the asymmetric/discriminative effects of investor attention on expected stock returns among 15 markets through economic expansions and recessions. The predictive power of attention tends to be short-lived and weakens the autocorrelation within returns. Accounting for business cycles not only confirms that the predictability of attention endures with volatility but also explicates the asymmetric effects that underlying pessimism functions better. International evidence contributes to the literature on investor attention and reveals the discrepant effects of attention with three levels of market efficiency: semi-strong, stronger than semi-strong, and weak.     

投资者情绪与中国股票市场过度波动

本文分析中国投资者分类情绪及信心变化与中国股票市场波动的同期及动态影响。实证结果表明:就同期而言,中国投资者对国内经济基本面的信心变化以及中国股票市场波动,将影响投资者对国际经济金融环境的信心;就中长期而言,中国投资者情绪中关于国内经济基本面和国内经济政策的信心变化是影响中国股票市场过度波动的重要原因;中国投资者关于国际经济金融环境的信心深受国内经济基本面的信心变化的影响,中国投资者对A股市场估值的判断,受投资者对A股市场的股票估值信心以及国内经济基本面信心变化影响较大。     

The Role of Expectations in Explaining the Cross-Section of Stock Returns

We find highly significant results when the cross-section of market-adjusted stock returns is regressed against changes in analyst expectations this year about: (1) this year's earnings, (2) next year's earnings, (3) long-term earnings growth, and (4) noise (measured as the standard deviation of analyst forecasts). Surprisingly, changes in expectations about this year's earnings are not significant in a multiple regression with the other independent variables. Changes in expectations about next year's earnings are highly significant but with an impact that is much smaller than that of changes in expectations about the long-term growth in earnings. Changes in noise are also statistically significant and are negatively related to market-adjusted returns, an indication that the signal to noise ratio, rather than merely the signal, is what drives price adjustments to new information.     

Lazy Investors, Discretionary Consumption, and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns

When consumption betas of stocks are computed using year‐over‐year consumption growth based upon the fourth quarter, the consumption‐based asset pricing model (CCAPM) explains the cross‐section of stock returns as well as the Fama and French (1993) three‐factor model. The CCAPM's performance deteriorates substantially when consumption growth is measured based upon other quarters. For the CCAPM to hold at any given point in time, investors must make their consumption and investment decisions simultaneously at that point in time. We suspect that this is more likely to happen during the fourth quarter, given investors' tax year ends in December.     

The Cross-Section of Realized Stock Returns: The Pre-COMPUSTAT Evidence

Using a database that is free of survivorship bias, this article finds that book-to-market equity, earnings yield, and cash flow yield have significant explanatory power with respect to the cross-section of realized stock returns during the period from July 1940 through June 1963. There is a strong January seasonal in the explanatory power of these variables, even though small stocks are, by construction, excluded from the sample.     

行业趋同度、投资者情绪与股市下跌风险

行业趋同度及投资者情绪可以反映市场交易热度.用格兰杰因果网络计算市场的行业趋同度,指数换手率、波动率及BEYR代表投资者情绪,研究这些指标对指数收益及股市下跌风险的影响发现:4个指标对指数收益的预测能力并不稳健,但是对股市下跌风险却有显著的预测能力;用4个指标构造合成因子,发现合成因子对股市下跌风险的预测能力更为显著;利用合成因子进行择时,可以有效避免市场极端的下跌行情,因子择时策略的夏普比率达到0.53,远超指数买入持有策略的0.14.综合来看,行业趋同度及投资者情绪代表的交易热度能够对股市下跌风险提前预警,从而带来投资收益的显著提高.