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1.
Malfunctioning of labour markets is often given as a principal explanation of the widespread poverty in developing countries. Open urban unemployment and disguised unemployment in agriculture are generally considered symptoms of the poor performance of the decentralized system of allocation of labour time and skills in these countries.This survey leads us to a much less pessimistic view of labour market performance per se, though obviously imperfections do exist. On the one hand, the shifts of the labour force in response to shifts in demand have been noteworthy and suggest, at an aggregate level, rather impressive performance. On the other, a closer look at open unemployment, disguised unemployment, and other possible types of labour market malfunctions suggests that they may be less serious misallocations than they appear, and that only in part can such misallocations be attributed to poor labour market functioning.Though the labour market is the immediate locus of the problem of low and stagnant incomes of workers at the bottom of the distribution, the evidence suggests no causality in this association. There is no reason to presume that poverty is a manifestation of labour market failure.  相似文献   

2.
Unemployment, Poverty and Income Disparity in Urban China   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
This paper studies the issues of unemployment and poverty that have been appearing recently in urban China. It estimates the urban unemployment rate, poverty rate and income disparity using a new sample survey data set. Meanwhile, it analyzes the relationship between unemployment and poverty, and the effects of poverty on urban inequality. The main findings are that: (i) the urban unemployment rate reached 11.6% in 1999 and was a major cause of urban poverty; (ii) growing urban poverty is becoming the significant source of worsening urban inequality; and (iii) migrant households have an increasing influence on urban poverty and the pattern of urban income distribution. The paper concludes that urban income distribution has worsened since 1995, and urban unemployment and poverty are the major factors in this worsening.  相似文献   

3.
随着“八七扶贫攻坚计划”的完成,新疆农村绝对贫困人口问题已基本解决,而城镇贫困人口问题又日趋严重,职工失业型贫困人群已构成新疆城镇贫困阶层的主体。本文分析了新疆失业保障制度与反贫困之间的关系,认为当前新疆失业保障制度主要存在覆盖面窄、区域收支不平衡等问题,从而未能对新疆城镇贫困人口提供充分的保障。因此,只有健全就业机制,完善现有失业保障制度,才能加快新疆城镇反贫困的步伐。  相似文献   

4.
This paper focuses on labour market issues relevant to poverty alleviation. Patterns of participation, unemployment and employment are examined among the poor compared with the non-poor in general, among urban and rural households, and among various socio-demographic groups. Using data from the 2002 National Socio-Economic Survey, the paper finds that low participation in the workforce and high unemployment, while important, are less closely related to poverty status than expected, especially among spouses of household heads. However, sector of employment and underemployment are closely associated with poverty, especially for those in informal jobs in urban areas; in rural areas, the poor are heavily concentrated in agriculture. Among the poor, young people and females are more likely to be underemployed and to work in agriculture than prime-age workers. The data suggest that labour market policies that tend to protect those in formal sector employment are unlikely to reduce poverty much, if at all.  相似文献   

5.
本文通过构建一个包含个体失业风险的Hank模型来分析财政政策降低不平等的影响路径与政策效果.研究发现:(1)由于储蓄规则和流动性约束作用,不平等的加剧会增加总储蓄率,不利于向以消费为主的经济结构转型;(2)降低收入所得税对减轻不平等的效果取决于其累进程度,降低比例税可降低不平等,增加一般性转移支付对改善不平等效果不显著...  相似文献   

6.
Abstract: Unemployment is more prevalent in urban than rural Ghana, while underemployment is pervasive in rural Ghana. The paper analyses trends in these two forms of human resource underutilization and examines their major determinants. It is found that a positive association exists between the underemployment rate and the incidence of poverty in specific industries. The data supports the importance of demographics, education and firm sizes as major determinants of unemployment. Furthermore, these factors together with type of employment are the factors influencing underemployment. To reduce the level of unemployment and underemployment, the government should provide support for: (1) growth of private sector firms and informal sector activities; and (2) rural alternatives to agricultural activities. These implications are also relevant to other African countries trying to combat the twin problems of unemployment and underemployment.  相似文献   

7.
在当前的经济和社会状况下,劳动依然是人们最基本的生存手段,收入的获取依然是以就业为基本保障。劳动者一旦失去就业机会,就意味着失去了收入来源,其个人甚至整个家庭都会陷入生活困境,失业是造成贫困和贫富差距过大的直接原因。只有减少失业人口,实现充分就业才是缩小贫富差距最为直接有效的途径。因此,缩小贫富差距,构建社会主义和谐社会,必须采取就业优先的发展战略。  相似文献   

8.
The principles of Social Cost-Benefit Analysis (SCBA) are used to evaluate Jonathan Swift's Modest Proposal. This was a suggestion for solving the problems of poverty and unemployment in eighteenth-century Ireland by selling the ‘surplus’ babies of the poor to supply the tables of the rich. On the evidence supplied by Swift and on fairly conservative assumptions, the project would appear to have a very high rate of return. This conclusion is, however, very sensitive to the relevant rates of interest and costs of construction. Some possible criticisms—in particular of the method of valuing human life — are rebutted.  相似文献   

9.
This paper uses pooled time-series regressions of regional data to reexamine the link between poverty and the macroeconomy. The use of disaggregated data provides additional degrees of freedom and permits the inclusion of controls for demographic changes and increased income inequality. The results indicate a stronger relationship between poverty rates and the macroeconomy in the 1980s than that found in prior research and confirm that the dramatic reduction in unemployment during the late 1990s was instrumental in reducing poverty rates. The estimated results for the 1990s imply a 0.4-0.9% increase in the poverty rate for each 1% increase in the unemployment rate.  相似文献   

10.
The feminization of poverty refers to female householders and their children becoming an increasing percentage of the poor population. After examining effects of race on poverty of female-headed households from 1959 to 1989, this study investigates statistical relationships among female poverty, economic and labor market conditions, and transfer payments (specifically AFDC) by means of the Granger causality test over the period from 1966 to 1988. This study reinforces the plausible assumption that policies which would lower the unemployment rate of females and would increase real economic growth could be expected to reduce the number of poor female households.  相似文献   

11.
Social security is based on the belief that all citizens should be protected by the state against the main vicissitudes of life: old age, unemployment, disability and sickness. The success of welfare programmes internationally in improving poverty, income distribution and unemployment is appraised. Income maintenance in South Africa, which is discriminatory and ineffective in meeting real human needs, is examined. Although welfare should not promote dependence, neither should it be so hard to come by as to punish the poor.  相似文献   

12.
Wage subsidies have been used in both developed and developing countries to raise employment. After a decade of deliberation, the South African Government recently announced the introduction of a wage subsidy scheme. Given the intrinsic link between unemployment and poverty in South Africa, the belief is that a wage subsidy programme sufficient in scope will also make inroads into poverty. However, the way in which jobs are distributed among poor and non-poor jobseekers is crucial. Our general equilibrium microsimulation model confirms the expectation that a higher wage elasticity of labour demand is associated with larger reductions in poverty. We also find that a greater proportion of new jobs accrue to poor jobseekers when the elasticity is high. While youth-targeting does not improve the poverty-reducing effect of the policy, sectors such as textiles, accommodation, and construction services with their pro-poor employment profiles are good candidates for targeting.  相似文献   

13.
Property rights are widely thought to have considerable direct and indirect effects on urban poverty. However, few studies have been conducted and the evidence supporting these claims is scarce, especially in Southern Africa. This article examines effects of property rights in South Africa through a case study of subsidised housing for poor people in Khayelitsha, Cape Town. A difference-in-differences estimation strategy is employed. Results show that housing subsidies are associated with better physical health and (counter-intuitively) more teenage pregnancies. Improvement in health is attributed to better housing quality and environment while increase in teenage pregnancies is attributed to increased privacy. Effects of titling extend to social effects, which have been understudied in the literature. Since titling showed no effect by most measures, it is likely that poverty is driven so strongly by factors such as unemployment and poor location of housing projects that property rights make little overall difference to poverty.  相似文献   

14.
To identify poor households, the government of Vietnam applies a combination of proxy means tests and quick collection of income data. This paper examines how well the government's poverty identification reaches the really poor in Vietnam. It is found that there is a large difference between the poverty rate for provinces and districts reported by the government and the rates estimated using expenditure and income data from independent household surveys. There is also a large difference between the poverty status of households identified by local authorities and the poverty status identified by income or expenditure data. More than 50 per cent of the poor households identified by local authorities are not poor in terms of income or expenditure measures. A better identification approach would be to use only proxy means tests and not income data collected using the simple questionnaire.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract: In the last thirty years, remarkable achievements have been made in China's poverty reduction course. The dramatic fall in China's poor can be attributed mainly to a high rate of economic growth, government poverty reduction policies and targeted programmes and pro‐poor macroeconomic and industrial policies. This paper focuses on China's poverty reduction policies and programmes and their impact on the poor regions and poor households. Lessons are drawn for poverty reduction and economic development in African countries. The paper also explores the potential for collaboration in poverty reduction between China and African countries and recommendations are made for the governments and donor agencies.  相似文献   

16.
Unless the South African Government of the day has adopted and is committed to a policy and comprehensive strategy to alleviate poverty, one is bound to conclude that any discussions on the role that training can play in the alleviation of poverty and unemployment would be mostly of an ad hoc nature. Such a policy and strategy should include specific targeted employment and training strategies and should furthermore relate to measurable human development performance indicators on health, life expectancy, education, training, unemployment, human deprivation, income disparities, etc. State interventions in support of training to help alleviate and prevent poverty and unemployment will under such circumstances hopefully be more purposefully targeted to where it will matter most and will also inspire researchers to come up with appropriate answers to ensure maximum benefits to society and the individual.  相似文献   

17.
South Africa is trapped in a cycle of modest growth, unacceptable poverty levels and record unemployment. This has led to renewed interest on the relationship between macro (growth) and micro (poverty and distribution) issues. This paper uses a macro–micro tool that couples a computable general equilibrium model with microsimulation models to examine the impact of further unilateral trade policy reforms on growth, poverty and welfare. Trade liberalisation alone has very minimal short-run macroeconomic consequences while its long-term impacts are positive and magnified by technical factor productivity (TFP) effects. Trade liberalisation has no appreciable impact on poverty in the short run even if we allow for trade-induced TFP increases. In the long run, however, poverty reduces even in the case when we do not allow for TFP increases. Trade liberalisation policy has been found to be progressive despite the low level of tariff protection remaining in South Africa.  相似文献   

18.
Most analyses of poverty in developing countries are based on the so-called poverty incidence, i.e. the proportion of poor households in the total household population. This paper provides estimates of poverty in Iran which are more detailed in two respects: first, it estimates the number of poor based on poverty lines for households of different sizes and second, it estimates the extent of poverty with the so-called poverty gaps. Both aspects of poverty are incorporated in the Sen index, which is also estimated. On the basis of these estimates a poverty map for Iran is drawn up. It shows that poverty diminished substantially between 1971 and 1975 and that poverty is most concentrated in the regions of Khorasan and Sistan & Baluchistan.  相似文献   

19.
Using data from the China Household Income Project in 2013 and 2018, this paper studies relative poverty among rural hukou holders living in urban China and urban hukou holders. People living in households with an income below a fixed percent of the median per-capita income and wealth below the same fixed percent of the median per-capita wealth among urban residents are deemed as relative poor. Although migrants with rural hukou living in urban China were more prone to twice poverty than urban residents in 2013, this was not generally the case in 2018.A multivariate analysis shows several factors to be related to the probability of being twice relative poor. Even considering these factors, a rural hukou status increased the probability of being twice relative poor in 2013. In contrast, such an excess risk of being twice relative poor was much lesser outspoken in middle and low-ranking cities in 2018. However, rural to urban migrants living in high-ranking cities had a somewhat higher risk of being relative poor than urban residents with the same characteristics in 2018.  相似文献   

20.
This article focuses on the gender distribution of poverty in Spain. Our basic objective is determining if poverty is equally shared between men and women. The source of the data is the Encuesta Básica de Presupuestos Familiares 1990–1991. Having analyzed three poverty rates—the head count ratio, the income gap ratio and the normalized income gap ratio, with three poverty lines (25%, 40%, and 50% of the mean) and two income variables (OECD equivalent household income and per capita household income)—it cannot be said that the women are “over-represented” amongst the poor in Spain in 1991.  相似文献   

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