Agricultural Trade Liberalization in a Computable General Equilibrium Framework for the Philippines

A bi-regional and multi-market computable general equilibrium model that focuses on the agricultural sector of the Philippines' economy in 1987 is constructed. This paper presents the basic structure of the model and carries out some cost-benefit analyses to assess the impact of alternative trade reform policies on the economy. It is found that various liberalization policies can produce large benefits, but any single policy implemented separately may incur intolerable costs. However, a combination of trade liberalization and currency devaluation, coupled with target income support and income tax reform, can achieve balanced results that are beneficial to the economy without worsening income distribution and food consumption of the poor.     

Hungary on the Road to a Mixed Economy: A Kaleckian Computable General Equilibrium Approach

The change from a centrally planned economy into a market economy is likely to have created a unique situation in economic history. Consequently, no existing economy theory is able to depict the process of transformation. It is argued in this paper that a Kaleckian theoretical approach may provide a starting point for the analysis of the formerly centrally planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe. This approach is applied to Hungary, within the framework of a computable general equilibrium model. A number of policy measures, such as wage constraint, devaluation and mark-up reduction, are considered and their effects on production, inflation and income distribution assessed.     

Honduras: application of a CGE model

This paper constructs a social accounting matrix for Honduras to serve as a database for the computable general equilibrium (or CGE) model adapted to the characteristics of the Honduran economy. A number of simulations of economic policy modifications were carried out to quantify their possible impact on Honduran economy. This paper first considers the general characteristics of the Honduran economy and the main policy reforms put into effect these last few years. CGE model characteristics for Honduras are briefly presented, and the Honduran SAM for 1991 is described. Several simulations were run to assess the impact of selected policy changes. Results show that, in general, structural modification policies used to redirect the Honduran economy outwards (trade liberalization and devaluation of the lempira) favor agriculture, not only in terms of its domestic production but also concerning income distribution. The results are consistent with the ones proposed in the literature on economic development that maintains that interventionist policies linked to the import substitution model that were in fashion until the eighties were anti-agrarian. On the other hand, a reduction in public expenditure promotes less the Honduran rural sector, though it does not stop doing so. However, results also point to the fact that there are underlying problems in carrying out these liberalization measures. The clearest case is free trade, since compensating the drastic reductions to state income that are brought by the reduction or elimination of tariffs is no easy task.     

潍坊市农旅产业融合现状调查及问题分析

随着我国经济新常态发展,推动农旅产业发展是实现农业经济高质量发展的关键举措。潍坊市具有丰富的农业旅游资源,发展农旅产业具有得天独厚的优势。潍坊市在推进农旅产业融合的过程中也存在很多问题。论文基于对潍坊市农旅产业融合现状的调查,剖析了农旅产业融合存在的问题。     

REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS: ESTIMATES FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA

A regional model, be it computable general equilibrium or partial equilibrium in construct, which is based on the national parameters would certainly provide misleading results if the regional economy or sector is significantly different from its national counterpart. For a credible and useful quantitative analysis of the regional impacts of changes in, say, government policies or international events, one thus needs an empirically based economic model that reflects the key features of the regional economy or sector concerned. This is the motivation for this paper, which estimates a disaggregated agricultural production system for Western Australia (WA): a key farming State of Australia. The paper uses a profit function approach that explicitly recognizes jointness in agricultural production and various climatic zones in WA, and an estimation procedure that involves the Diewert–Wales decomposition technique. It presents estimates of elasticities of supply responses and input demands in WA agriculture, and compares these with the national estimates.     

关于加快我国农产品冷链物流标准化建设的思考

随着全球经济一体化的深化,农产品的市场竞争日趋激烈,中国农产品冷链物流国际化是大势所趋。如何与国际物流通行标准接轨,关键在于农产品冷链物流标准化建设。文章在研究我国农产品冷链物流标准化建设的重要意义及发展现状的基础上,针对当前存在的主要问题提出了相关建议。     

Temporary international migration and the nontraded sector of the labor-importing developing economy

In this paper the author examines the effects of external migration on the nontraded sector of the labor-importing developing economy. It is found that devaluation by the labor-exporting country will reduce the pressure on excess demand for labor and reduce the price of nontraded goods. Increases in the migrant workers’ consumption expenditures, the government expenditures on nontraded goods and the price of traded goods will increase the pressure on excess demand for labor and raise the price of nontraded goods. The effects of an increase in host country nominal wage, however, will remain ambiguous.     

A CGE Approach to Measuring the Sectoral Contribution to an Economy: An Application to Western Australian Agriculture

Typically, sectoral contribution to an economy is estimated by measures such as shares in gross domestic/regional product, employment and exports. According to these measures, agriculture's contribution declines as the economy grows. However, the indirect contribution of the sector is likely to rise due to the expansion of agriculture–based processing activities in the process of economic growth. Input–output multiplier analysis is often used to capture such flow–on contributions of the sector. This paper proposes to use a computable general equilibrium framework to estimate the direct as well as indirect contributions of agricultural growth in an economy. It also develops a methodology to distinguish the broader effects of agricultural output growth by source — input growth and productivity growth. The proposed methodologies are illustrated by applying these to analyze the contribution of agriculture to the economy of Western Australia, an agriculture and resources based state of Australia. The results for Western Australia suggest that the indirect benefits of agriculture exceed its direct contributions and that the contributions made by enhancing productivity in agriculture are indeed substantial. Importantly, the broader contribution of the agriculture sector depends critically on the specific source of the sectoral growth — input or productivity growth.     

南阳地区农产品配送中心选址研究

农产品的安全及时配送要求越来越高,农产品配送中心的选址也得到广泛关注。以南阳市农产品物流配送为例,建立集合覆盖模型,采用矩阵简化求解获得最佳配送中心,以期促进南阳市农产品经济的发展及为中原经济区农产品物流规划提供参考。     

新农村建设视角下农产品物流发展模式构建探讨

通过现代物流理论和农业经济理论相结合,依托我国各地区农产品物流现状,探讨研究科学合理的农产品物流发展模式,促进农产品物流产业发展。     

新零售视角下贵州农资物流配送模式研究

农业是国民经济的基础,而农业生产资料的支持是农业发展的基础。在“三农”问题愈发重要的今天,农业生产资料的配送问题也随之显得十分重要。贵州省农村物流发展缓慢,传统的农资配送过程中存在着配送环节过多、配送成本过高、企业获得利润过少的问题,同时也造成了农民生产成本过高、收入低的现象。文章在分析了贵州省农资物流供应链发展现状、存在问题以及问题产生的原因基础之上,提出了“新零售”视角下建立贵州农资配送新模式。     

Climate Change Policies and Tax Recycling Schemes: Simulations with a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model of the Italian Economy

A dynamic general equilibrium model of the Italian economy is used to assess the impact of carbon taxation (or auctioned carbon permits), where additional revenue is used to cut either existing taxes on labor or on capital income. Simulation results do not support the existence of the so-called "double dividend" when labor taxes are reduced, whereas lower tax rates on capital have mild positive effects on growth and welfare, with progressivity properties on income distribution. These findings hinge on the assumptions of open economy, given world interest rate, and capital mobility.     

我国农产品电子商务物流发展问题研究

发展农产品电子商务物流对提高我国农业国际竞争力．发展全国经济具有非常重要的意义。作者具体分析了我国农产品电子商务物流发展面临的机遇和挑战以及发展中存在的问题,并在此基础上,提出了相应的发展策略。     

浅议怀化农产品物流发展的现状及对策

近年来,怀化农村经济快速发展,新农村建设顺利推进,有效促进了农民的增产和增收。但总体来看,城乡差距的局面没有根本改变。主要原因之一就是农产品流通不畅导致农产品不好卖,而目前怀化地区农产品物流发展滞后是影响农产品流通的关键因素。大力发展农产品现代物流是增加农民收入的重要途径,同时也是带动地区整体经济的强劲动力。     

对小型农田水利工程建设和管理问题探讨

农田水利基本设施建设在我国的农业生产中起着十分重要的作用,它直接影响着广大农民的生产、生活,是农业生产的基础和关键。本文简单介绍了万山特区农田水利建设的现状并提出一些管理对策。     

China''s exchange rate and the balance of trade

This paper examines the responsiveness of the balance of trade of the People's Republic of China to the real exchange rate. We find that, in both the short-run and the long-run, devaluation serves to improve the balance of trade. Using quarterly data for 1980:I to 1989:IV we show that the bulk of the response to devaluation occurs over a one year period, with noJ-curve effect. These results suggest that the two-tier price system and other measures to liberalize the Chinese economy have made the exchange rate an effective indirect tool for regulating trade.     

Competitive Pressure on the Indian Households: A General Equilibrium Approach

How would competitive pressure impact upon the income distribution and the poverty of household groups? We analyse the gains in efficiency and productivity due to competitive pressure, and its distributional effects using a general equilibrium input–output framework. Efficient utilization of the available resources, technical progress and free trade constitute our sources of growth. Welfare would increase under competition, but the income distribution would become more skewed. Rural household groups would stand to lose relative to the urban ones. Urban poverty would be reduced significantly more than rural. In fact, the agricultural worker would even suffer from an increase in poverty. The study shows that competitive pressure has a positive effect on efficiency, productivity and poverty, but an adverse effect on the income distribution in the Indian economy.     

抑制微生物活动 做好农产品配送

农产品是生物有机体,在配送农产品的各个环节中,不可避免的要与环境中的微生物共存。微生物的生存是以生物体为寄主的,而微生物的存在必然对农产品的自身质量产生影响,从而对配送活动的有效性产生影响。通过控制外界条件,抑制微生物的生存及发展,保证农产品安全、新鲜、营养充分、损耗数量最低的配送到顾客手中,实现农产品的高效配送。     

Global Warming Policy and the Pennsylvania Economy: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis

Most studies of the impacts of global warming policy have been performed at the national level. However, national averages obscure the fact that some regions may be affected much more than others. We formulated a regional computable general equilibrium model to analyze the impact of a carbon tax on the Pennsylvania economy. The model incorporates special features relating to labor mobility, trade and energy substitution for this purpose. Our results indicate significant negative overall impacts on the Pennsylvania economy, primarily because it is a major producer and user of fossil fuels, especially coal, and because it is highly industrialized. Sensitivity analyses on key parameters and model assumptions indicate that our results are robust.     

环境治理、技术进步与绿色经济发展绩效

以2003—2020年我国30个省份作为研究样本，构建动态面板模型探讨环境治理和绿色经济发展绩效之间的关系，并利用中介效应模型研究环境治理通过技术进步影响区域绿色经济发展绩效的中介效应。研究结果表明，环境治理与区域绿色经济发展绩效之间存在正U型关系，即环境治理对绿色经济发展具有先抑制后促进的作用；技术进步在环境治理影响区域绿色经济发展绩效中发挥中介作用，且技术进步能够显著促进区域绿色经济发展绩效提升；环境治理对绿色经济发展绩效的影响呈现出地区差异性，南方地区表现出明显的正U型关系，而北方地区两者关系不显著。