环境税经济效应分析的再扩展

本文从环境税的理论基础入手,回顾了环境税经济效应分析的几个有代表性的基本观点,认真分析了环境税经济效应传统分析中存在的局限性,并在继承本文作者原有成果的基础上,将技术革新效应引入到环境税经济效应分析当中,对环境税经济效应分析作了再扩展,进一步夯实了环境税的理论基石。     

环境规制经济效应的区域异质性研究

采用2004-2015年省际数据,从技术水平和产业结构两个维度,利用门限回归方法对30个省份进行科学分组,研究环境规制经济效应的区域异质性问题。研究结果表明:不同区域层面,环境规制经济效应曲线形状和拐点值存在较大差别,且中部地区环境规制经济效应明显滞后;在门限分组下,不同技术水平和产业结构省份组别的环境规制经济效应曲线形状和拐点值及其滞后效应存在显著差异;技术水平和产业结构一定程度上决定了环境规制的拐点值,即技术水平越高,产业结构越优化,环境规制强度的拐点值通常越小。     

关中地区清洁能源供暖方案的经济环境效益研究

使用清洁能源进行供暖,对关中地区治污减霾、改善能源结构具有积极的意义,但关于关中地区清洁能源供暖经济效益的研究鲜有报道。根据关中地区的供暖需求,论文制定了煤改电、煤改气和浅层地热能三种清洁能源供暖方案,构建了办公建筑、商业建筑和居住建筑三类典型模型,计算了这三类模型使用煤改电、煤改气和浅层地热能方案的投资、成本、净现值、内部收益率及投资回收期。浅层地热能方案净现值最大,盈利总量最大,其次为煤改电方案,最后为煤改气方案。煤改电方案内部收益率最高,煤改气方案最低,但对比差额投资内部收益率,浅层地热能供暖方案优于煤改电方案,煤改电方案优于煤改气方案。根据模型参数,评价了不同方案的污染物排放量和节能性,浅层地热能方案节能性最优,煤改电次之,煤改气较差。论文旨在为推动陕西省清洁能源事业的科学、有序发展提供理论依据。     

Valuing Environmental Health Effects – An Economic Perspective

This paper provides an overview of some of the issues involved in comparing benefit-cost analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis based on quality-adjusted life-years as alternative approaches to assessing environmental policies that affect human health. It concludes that: (i) although QALYs have the advantage of reflecting policy impacts on both health status and longevity in a single scalar measure, they are not consistent with utility theory unless individuals’ preferences satisfy some restrictive conditions; (ii) they do not capture other important aspects of the valuation of changes in mortality and morbidity; (iii) cost-effectiveness analysis based on QALYs as a measure of effectiveness omits non-health related effects of environmental policy; and (iv) it leaves unanswered the important question of what level of environmental regulation is appropriate.     

Distance Decay in the Willingness to Pay for Wine: Disentangling Local and Organic Attributes

This paper investigates how the residents of a French wine-producing region value the attributes of wine. We elicit the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for organic/non-organic and local/non-local wines with increasing levels of information on the impact of agricultural practices at both global and local scales. The analysis shows that there is a significant organic premium associated with both local and non-local wines. This organic premium significantly increases with information and significantly decreases with the distance between the consumer’s home and the vineyard. Based on the econometric predictions of the WTP, we show that a per-unit tax on non-organic wines or a standard imposing organic practices increases welfare through the internalization of the attributes revealed by the experiment.     

The Benefits of Environmental Fiscal Reforms in an Integrated Europe

This paper analyses the effects of an environmental fiscal reform where the environmental tax revenue is used to reduce the tax burden on labor in order to increase employment. The study tries to assess the benefits generated by this type of reform in an integrated Europe where different degrees of tax harmonization can be achieved. The differential impact of cooperative fiscal reforms versus noncooperative ones is quantified through the use of a newly developed general equilibrium model. The results suggest that only a high degree of harmonization, in which both revenue and expenditure policies are coordinated, can provide significant environmental and employment benefits.     

海峡两岸经济合作:创新与双赢——第二次海峡两岸经济发展论坛综述

2008年5月17～18日,由国际欧亚科学院中国科学中心发起,福建师范大学、厦门大学、福建省社会科学界联合会联合主办的第二次“海峡两岸经济发展论坛（福州）”在福州举行。来自大陆、台湾、香港的知名专家学者、企业界高层人士、120余人参加会议。专家们从两岸经济合作发展的新机遇、制度创新与创造双赢、两岸经济进一步合作的动力、基础与模式、两岸产业合作、建设海峡西岸经济区等方面,阐述了各自的思考、建议与依据。现将论坛的主要观点综述如下。     

The Economic Benefits of Australian University Degrees: Bachelor and Research Higher Degrees

The investment in Australian bachelor and research degrees results in significant economic benefits for the individual and for society.     

环境规制竞争对经济增长效率的影响:基于省级面板数据分析

利用1992-2008年中国31个省级面板数据,检验了环境规制竞争对生产率增长及其构成的影响。结果发现,SO2减排对生产率增长及其构成有正向影响,说明SO2的减排竞争将会促进经济增长效率的提高。相反,工业COD减排对生产率增长及其构成存在不利的作用。这种不利影响不是由省际间环境规制竞争引起,而是由废水治理策略不当造成的。这些研究结果似乎表明,环境规制竞争并非是发展地方经济的"良策"。     

论降低缴费率对养老金给付的影响——基于现收现付制度的视角

在现收现付制中,当前养老金缴费的减少对养老金的给付不一定有消极的影响。由于养老金的给付水平取决于资本份额的分配和跨主观贴现因子,利用简化的戴蒙德的叠代模型证明,当生产资本权重较高和主观贴现因子较低时,当前年轻一代缴费率的减少会提高养老金的给付水平。     

The Effects of the Fourth Amendment: An Economic Analysis

We develop an economic model of crime and search that allowsus to analyze the effects of the Fourth Amendment's exclusionaryrule on crime and privacy. We find that the rule always increasescrime but has two opposing effects on searches. It directlyreduces searches by reducing the chances that they lead to successfulconviction, but it also indirectly increases them by increasingcrime. If its indirect effect dominates, the rule actually increasessearches and has an ambiguous effect on wrongful searches. Ifits direct effect dominates, it reduces wrongful searches, therebyprotecting privacy. Its direct effect is more likely to dominatethe greater is the number of police officers per capita, thelower is the police's incentive to simply close cases and themore accountable the police are for their mistakes. Police accountabilityalso increases crime but unambiguously reduces wrongful searches.We also explore the effects of long-term progress in searchtechnology on crime and privacy.     

油松复合经营的生态经济效益

河北省易县清西陵有树龄300余年的古油松林,多分布在西陵乡的昌陵、泰陵等地。古油松林的郁闭度为0．1－0．5,平均郁闭度为0．2,生长良好。河北农业大学西陵教学林场在古油松林下展开了多种类型的复合经营,取得良好的经济、生态和社会效益。本文对油松复合经营模式作了较全面的总结分析。     

Converting Forests to Farms: The Economic Benefits of Clearing Forests in Agricultural Settlements in the Amazon

Agricultural expansion into tropical forests is believed to bring local economic benefits at the expense of global environmental costs. The resulting tension is reflected in Brazilian government policy. The national agrarian reform program has settled farm families in the Amazon region since the 1970s, with the expectation that they will clear forests in order to farm the land. On the other hand, recent Brazilian policy initiatives seek to reduce deforestation to mitigate climate change. We contribute to the policy debate that surrounds these dual goals for the Amazon by estimating the marginal effects of new agricultural land on the full income and assets of farm settlers over a 13-year period from 1996 to 2009. Using micro panel data from agrarian settlements where forest was being rapidly cleared, and controlling for factors that would otherwise confound the relationship, we estimate the effect of converting forest to agriculture on total household income to estimate the opportunity cost of conserving forest. Our measure of income reflects any re-allocation of resources by utility maximizing households and any productivity effects due to loss of forest ecosystem services. The estimated effect of new agricultural land on income is positive, but small relative to the income per hectare of previously cleared land. However, we show that income increases investment in physical assets, which raises households’ income generating capacity and future accumulation of assets. Thus, while there is only a small immediate income gain from clearing more forest, the long-term effects on wealth are still substantial. This demonstrates that given the right conditions, conversion of forest to agricultural land can be an impetus for asset accumulation by smallholders. It also highlights the importance of considering the indirect and long-term welfare benefits of new agricultural land when assessing the opportunity costs of forest conservation.     

治理环境污染的经济制度安排

环境问题的外部性和环境资源的公共财产属性,决定了解决环境污染问题不能单纯依靠市场机制,需要政府的必要调控和干预,政府干预包括有关法规的制定和经济制度的安排。经济制度具有不可替代的效率作用,且应针对不同的情况安排与市场机制相沟通的不同制度形式,如“排污收费”,“治污收费”,“开征环境税”和“排污权交易”等,将环境保护由过去的政府行为转变为一种由政府调控与经济利益机制驱动相结合的市场行为和企业行为。