KOREAN MULTINATIONALS' FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT PROJECTS: Variability in the Micro- and Macro-Level Determinants

Both theory and policy should be more sensitive to projectlevel features in analyses of foreign direct investment (FDI). This study tests hypotheses about the relative importance of the determinants of Korean multinationals' FDI. The study attempts to explain the often inconclusive and conflicting results of many previous empirical studies of the determinants of FDI; these studies have failed to take into account the variability in the determinants across types of FDI projects based on their strategic objectives and production functions. On the basis of empirical results, the present study offers a framework for the analysis of the determinants of FDI that incorporates project variables at the micro level and country variables at the macro level. These variables include host country policies, such as investment incentives and trade barriers.     

Ethical Dilemmas in MNCs' International Staffing Policies A Conceptual Framework

Multinational corporations' (MNCs') international staffing policies have been evaluated in terms of cost and efficiency arguments. Research has not addressed, however, the ethical impact of these policies on diverse stakeholder groups. This paper presents a conceptual framework by which ethnocentric, polycentric and geocentric staffing policies are theoretically linked to underlying decision-making modes of instrumentality, bounded rationality and economic rationality, respectively. It goes on to describe the ethical rationales associated with each policy type, namely, distributive justice, moral rights of man, and utilitarianism. An investigation of resulting ethical dilemmas affecting relevant MNC stakeholder groups is incorporated and offered as a tool for analyzing the true and full costs of trade-offs when choosing one policy over another. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the conceptual framework for theory and practice and directions for future research.     

Knowledge transfer and the management of expatriation

This is a theory‐building article that uses the example of an international organization from the Spanish financial sector to explore the way in which the characteristics of knowledge influence expatriation policies. A preliminary conceptual framework is offered, and a case study is used to develop a set of theoretical hypotheses reflecting the relationship between knowledge characteristics and expatriation policies as a contribution towards a theory of international assignments. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A morphological review of enterprise social media literature

Introduction of Enterprise Social Media (ESM) in organizations is driven by a need to improve communication and knowledge sharing within the enterprise. Studies show that soon after ESM adoption, there is some initial enthusiasm and subsequently there is a perceptible drop in usage. A review of ESM literature in a morphological framework, with the aim of demystifying the troubling trend, is presented here. Morphological analysis of literature helps exhibit relevant work on ESM in a framework consisting of dimensions and options from which insights can be derived. The framework developed depicts ESM literature through seven dimensions – organizational level factors influencing ESM, unit of analysis, business objectives of ESM adoption, individual level factors influencing ESM, theoretical framework used, outcomes of adoption, and context of ESM implementation. For each of the dimensions, relevant options were explored and listed. Preliminary observation indicates that at an individual level, themes such as absorptive capacity and lurking behavior of individuals need to be studied in the context of ESM. At an organizational level, the impact of human resources (HR) policies on ESM adoption, uses of ESM for internal crowdsourcing need to be evaluated. Practitioners can use these findings to assess and design their ESM strategies and for academicians, the morphological framework reveals the state of current research in the field and identifies gaps for further research in specific areas of ESM.     

Assessing the Impact of Fair Trade Coffee: Towards an Integrative Framework

This article presents an impact assessment framework that allows for the evaluation of positive and negative local-level impacts that have resulted from “responsible trade” interventions such as fair trade and ethical trade. The framework investigates impact relating to (1) livelihood impacts on primary stakeholders; (2) socio-economic impacts on communities; (3) organizational impacts; (4) environmental impacts; (5) policies and institutional impacts; and (6) future prospects. It identifies relevant local-level stakeholders and facilitates the analysis of conflicting interests. The framework was developed in the context of, and is applied in this article to, the fair trade coffee industry in northern Nicaragua. It was designed, however, so that it can be applied across commodity sectors and responsible trade initiatives. It is able to do this by accommodating for differences in the social, environmental, political and institutional contexts of different areas, and by taking into account the distinct nature of an initiative’s overall objectives, different levels of intervention, and the full range of stakeholders involved.     

政策扩散视角下既有试点推广其他政策可行性分析——以双创示范基地推广全面创新改革试验政策为例

改革开放以来，“试点－推广”已成为我国政策创新和扩散的典型范式。创新驱动发展战略实施以来，这一范式被广为应用，往往同一个地区同处不同政策的试点和推广区域，这为政策扩散理论研究提供新的实践案例。本研究基于政策扩散理论，初步构建了“既有试点推广其他政策”可行性分析模型，并以双创示范基地推广全面创新改革试验政策为例展开分析。研究发现：双创政策和全面创新改革政策同属创新驱动发展战略框架，两者的政策内容高度匹配；双创政策的实施为全面创新改革实验政策的推广提供了基本动力和创新基础；两者在政策目标、主体和工具上存在一定差异，可能产生执行主体权不配责和既往目标的路径依赖等问题；总体上，双创示范基地有着良好的基础推广全面创新改革试验政策。     

战略性新兴产业:从政策概念到理论问题

适用于传统产业及其产业政策的理论分析工具不能简单应用于有关战略性新兴产业及其产业政策问题的研究。对战略性新兴产业的经济学属性进行抽象和提炼,从而完成问题的概念化和操作化,并在此基础上提出恰当的理论分析框架,是推进我国战略性新兴产业问题理论研究的起点。战略性新兴产业是处于从技术培育到产业化再到产业进入者数量达到最大值之间这一时期的产业,刻画这类产业经济学特征的两个重要维度分别是主导技术成熟度和市场成熟度。本文提出了一个具有一般性和自洽性的战略性新兴产业理论分析框架,其基本逻辑是,首先识别影响战略性新兴产业发展绩效的主要技术性、经济性和制度性因素,然后研究这些关键因素之间的相互适应性和动态匹配性,最后分析这些要素和互动主要发生在国家、产业或企业的哪个层次和位置。     

Assessing the Impact of Fair Trade Coffee: Towards an Integrative Framework

This article presents an impact assessment framework that allows for the evaluation of positive and negative local-level impacts that have resulted from “responsible trade” interventions such as fair trade and ethical trade. The framework investigates impact relating to (1) livelihood impacts on primary stakeholders; (2) socio-economic impacts on communities; (3) organizational impacts; (4) environmental impacts; (5) policies and institutional impacts; and (6) future prospects. It identifies relevant local-level stakeholders and facilitates the analysis of conflicting interests. The framework was developed in the context of, and is applied in this article to, the fair trade coffee industry in northern Nicaragua. It was designed, however, so that it can be applied across commodity sectors and responsible trade initiatives. It is able to do this by accommodating for differences in the social, environmental, political and institutional contexts of different areas, and by taking into account the distinct nature of an initiative’s overall objectives, different levels of intervention, and the full range of stakeholders involved.     

产业互联网驱动下的农业物流生态圈协同理论体系

为响应农业与二三产业融合发展政策号召,解决传统农业发展过程中存在的技术水平低下、产业联动性差、运营模式落后等问题,推动农业供给侧结构性改革,可基于产业生态圈理论、协同学理论及农业物流一般内涵,采用案例研究法剖析农业物流生态圈协同理论体系,构建农业物流生态圈协同的一般框架。遵循由具体到一般的研究逻辑,以江西淘鑫农产品电子商务有限公司为例,对农业物流生态圈协同理论体系进行分析发现,从构成主体看,农业物流生态圈的内部主体主要包括农产品生产者、农产品销售者、农产品消费者以及无形连接各主体的物流服务提供者;外部主体主要包括农业生产资料提供商、金融服务提供商、互联网技术服务提供商、政府以及学校等组织和企业。从协同框架看,农业物流生态圈协同包括农业子系统(农产品上行圈层)、物流子系统(农产品下行圈层)、环境支撑系统(外部圈层)三个层次,三大圈层紧密联系,互利共生。从协同阶段看,农业物流生态圈协同可分为萌芽阶段、发展阶段、稳定阶段以及再发展或衰退阶段,每个阶段都存在生态圈网络破裂的风险。从协同内容看,农业物流生态圈协同包括以价值链优势为出发点的协同、以利益追求为出发点的协同、以资源共享为出发点的协同、以政策为导向的协同。     

RETHINKING DYNAMIC CAPITAL STRUCTURE MODELS WITH ROLL‐OVER DEBT

Dynamic capital structure models with roll‐over debt rely on widely accepted arguments that have never been formalized. This paper clarifies the literature and provides a rigorous formulation of the equity holders’ decision problem within a game theory framework. We spell out the linkage between default policies in a rational expectations equilibrium and optimal stopping theory. We prove that there exists a unique equilibrium in constant barrier strategies, which coincides with that derived in the literature. Furthermore, that equilibrium is the unique equilibrium when the firm loses all its value at default time. Whether the result holds when there is a recovery at default remains a conjecture.     

The “Lisbon Goal” of the EU: Rhetoric or Substance?

This paper explores the relationship between the rhetoric of the Lisbon Goal of the EU and key insights from trade theory and growth theory. It argues that the policy initiative as such is valid, but the paradigm of international competitiveness is potentially misleading. The focus should, instead, be on productivity. Industrial policies, while potentially valid against the backdrop of recent developments in growth theory, are subject to pitfalls in practice. Policies focusing on institutions are more promising. The paper offers a framework for discussing the role of different types of institutions with respect to the Lisbon Goal. This paper goes back to a joint presentation with Mario Nava at the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna—40th Anniversary Symposium “A Changing Europe in a Changing World” June 24–25, 2004.     

Internal and external drivers of anticorruption policies in multinationals

This research investigates internal and external drivers that push multinational companies to establish anticorruption policies. The authors build on institutional theory, in particular on the concept of legitimacy, to examine how corporate headquarters design anticorruption policies. They conducted case studies based on semi-structured interviews with managers of Italian multinationals. The findings show how internal and external drivers interplay to affect anticorruption policies at the headquarters level. They suggest that multinational companies align their anticorruption policies to achieve global legitimacy. The study shows how internal and external pressures influence the process of gaining legitimacy.     

论复合比较优势--对比较优势的拓展

近年来，我国经济学界出现了关于比较优势和竞争优势的论争，争论的焦点在于中国的对外贸易发展是应该以比较优势抑或竞争优势为基础。从内生和外生的角度对比较优势进行扩展，从而将比较优势和竞争优势纳入统一分析框架之下，为贸易理论和中国的对外贸易发展能够提供更为合理的分析基础。并从发挥复合比较优势的角度，对中国的外贸发展提供了政策建议。     

Entrepreneurial opportunities in peripheral versus core regions in Chile

Governmental policies tend to support and boost entrepreneurship in peripheral regions in many countries. This research revives the debate about specific regional policies designed to foster local new business creation, and the entrepreneurial framework conditions needed at the regional level for emerging regions such as Latin America. We applied one of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor’s methodologies, the National Experts Survey, to a sample of 695 key informants in Chile at eight regions of which six are classified as peripheral. Using non-parametric statistics we compared the differences between peripheral and core regions. The main results indicate that peripherally located entrepreneurship experts perceive their regions as in a worse position than centrally located experts in terms of finance access and physical infrastructure. On the other hand, the results indicate that peripheral entrepreneurship experts detect more market dynamism in their regions and surprisingly perceive general policy and government programs as supporting entrepreneurship although the Chilean government had not promoted many regional policies.     

Klimaschutz im Verkehrssektor — aktuelle Beispiele aus der Verkehrsforschung

Decarbonising the transport sector will be one of the biggest challenges in the future. Current innovations in the transport sector will be used to identify greenhouse gas emission reduction methods and the associated costs. Economists from the German Aerospace Center (DLR) have compiled current research results from various DLR institutes which have revealed that a wide range of technological and organisational innovations for reducing climate-related emissions are available with varying market maturity. Increasing technological efficiency alone, however, is not enough to achieve the ambitious climate targets. Good policies are also essential to take things to the next level.     

Collusion in Industrial Economics—A Survey

The aim of this paper is to summarize the theory of (implicit) collusion in the framework of infinitely repeated games, and in particular, to survey the comprehensive literature exploring which factors make collusion easier or more difficult to sustain. On this basis, the existing empirical studies and the experimental results will be discussed. Policy options as e.g. leniency programs are also analyzed. Although the number of clear cut policy conclusions is limited, understanding thoroughly the mechanisms of collusion is important for (anti-trust) policies.     

Regional Versus Multilateral Solutions to Transboundary Environmental Problems: Insights from the Southeast Asian Haze

At an analytical level, economists have often categorised the international dimensions of environmental problems and policies as being national (or competitiveness), psychological (as opposed to physical) and transboundary (global) in nature. Focusing on transboundary pollution problems, the reasons why a multilateral approach among sovereign nations to solve such global externalities may be difficult are discussed within a simple analytical framework. The paper examines the Southeast Asian experience at a regional approach to tackling the haze problem due to the Indonesian forest fires. It goes on to explore multilateral policy options and constraints for dealing with such transboundary environmental pollution problems.     

我国金融发展中的租金效应分析——基于金融约束理论的理性回顾

金融约束是金融发展中较为前沿的问题,其理论对发展中国家金融发展有重要的借鉴价值。我国目前的金融政策并不完全是金融约束,而是“金融约束”与“金融抑制”的混合状态。根据我国金融发展的实际情况,应采取有效措施促进金融深化发展。     

发展绿色物流 迎接世界挑战

我国绿色物流与国外在观念、政策性、技术等方面都存在较大差距。我国实施绿色物流管理的具体举措分为政府层面和企业层面,政府要对物流发生源、交通量、交通流实施有效管理,而企业的重点应是进行绿色运输和绿色包装。