饮食美的创造论(上)

饮食美的创造活动实际上是主体人在饮食生活、生产实践中按“美的规律”来构筑满足自己的“饮食审美化”的活动。因此,在餐饮生产劳动中饮食劳动主体美既是饮食美创造的出发点,也是饮食美创造的归宿点,贯穿于饮食美创造活动始末,为饮食造美的第一要素。具体对于饮食“造美”活动中的劳动主体美的内涵把握,依据社会主体人“生物人”与“社会人”的双重属性,将其划分为“劳动主体美的生理基础”和“劳动主体美的心理要求”两个层次。     

Worst Seems to Have Passed for Online Game OperatorsDispute Resolution——New Development in Governmental Regulation over Online Game Industry of China

On August 17, 2010, NetEase. corn Inc. （＂NetEase＂）, a NASDAQ listed company,made an announcement that the Wrath oF the Lich King （＂WLK＂）, an expansion pact of World of Warcraft （＂WOW＂）, was available for download by players in mainland China.     

The health care cost "problem"

This serves as an introduction to this special issue devoted to a selection of papers chosen and revised from a conference on public policy entitled "Health Care Policy: Where Is the Revolution Headed?" sponsored by the Thomas Jefferson Program in Public Policy at the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, November 12-14, 1987.     

Integrative Social Contracts Theory: Hype over Hypernorms

Applying social contract theory to business ethics is a relatively new idea, and perhaps nobody has pursued this direction better than Thomas Donaldson and Thomas W. Dunfee. Their "Integrative Social Contracts Theory" manages to combine culturally sensitive decision making capacities with trans-cultural norms by setting up a layered system of social contracts. Lurking behind their work is a concern with the problems of relativism. They hope to alleviate these problems by introducing three concepts important to the ISCT: "authentic norms," which clarify culturally specific norms, "priority rules," which determine the rules of engagement when authentic norms clash, and "hypernorms," which measure the value of authentic norms against a thin set of universally upheld values. This paper traces the genealogy of these hypernorms and challenges their value for the ISCT. It argues that well-conceived priority rules can do everything hypernorms can, and can do so more simply.     

郑州宇通客车股份有限公司

Zhengzhou Yutong Bus Co., Ltd. （hereinafter referred to as ＂Yutong Bus＂）, situated in Zhengzhou Yutong Industrial Park, occupying an area of 1,120,000m^2, can produce 120 complete buses per day. At present, the company has grown into the largest and the most techni- cally advanced large-and medium-sized bus manufacturing base in the world. Since being listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange （referred to as ＂Yutong Bus＂, stock code： 600066） in 1997, the company has contributed a long-established bluechip high-growth stock to China＇s A stock market. In 2008,     

Conflicts of interest

This paper has two distinct objectives. (1) I defend an analysis of the concept of a conflict of interest. On my analysis the concept of a conflict of interest is broader than is generally supposed. I argue that a very large class of cases not ordinarily regarded as conflicts of interest should be so regarded. Conflicts of interest are an integral feature of many professional relationships and do not (as is often supposed) require the existence of external financial or personal relationships. (2) I defend and explain the commonsense view that conflicts of interest areprima facie wrong and argue that in ordinary cases it is wrong, all things considered, to allow an avoidable conflict of interest to occur. I attempt to establish these claims on the basis of weak and relatively noncontroversial assumptions.Thomas L. Carson is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Loyola University Chicago. He is the author ofThe Status of Morality and numerous papers on ethical theory and business ethics.     

制度创新与广交会发展研究

广交会自1957年建成以来在各级领导关心下已经历了45年的发展壮大,取得了丰硕的成果,在国内外享有盛名。然而,由于其本身还存在不少缺陷,加之受到国内外展览业的强劲挑战,迫切要求加快广交会的改革。利用新制度经济学的基本原理,对广交会的内外环境作了详尽分析,认为广交会要保持领先地位,必须加强制度创新。     

Self-regulating industry behavior: Antitrust limitations and trade association codes of conduct

Self-regulation exists at the firm-level, the industry-level, and the business-level of economic organization. Industry self-regulation has faced economic (free rider) and legal (antitrust) impediments to widespread implementation, although there exist examples of effective industry self-regulation, e.g., securities industry and the SEC, advertising and the FTC. By instituting industry codes of conduct, national trade associations have shown to be natural vehicles for self-regulation. While there has been long-standing general encouragement for establishing industry codes, adopting and enforcing conduct codes has been seriously circumscribed by restrictive Supreme Court decisions and FTC advisory opinions. One approach to clearing legal confusion is to petition the FTC to issue an industry guide on promulgating and enforcing trade association codes of conduct. Another strategy is to utilize a stakeholder approach to association ethics committee appointments that subsequently influence code creation and enforcement. Finally, a new concept of an industry code of conduct will consist of three subcodes: an economic code; an environmental code; and a socio-political code. Combined, these strategic approaches will offer new opportunities for effective nonmarket regulation.Thomas A. Hemphill is affiliated with the Institute of Scrap Recycling Institute, Inc., Washington, D.C. His most recent publications are found inBusiness and Society Review (Fall 1990), A Solid Program for Solid Waste and (Summer 1991), Marketer's New Motto: It's Keen to be Green.     

Computer crime: Assessing the lawyer's perspective

The past decade has seen a rapid development and proliferation of sophisticated computer systems in organizations. Designers, however, have minimized the importance of security control systems, (except for those systems where data security and access control have obviously been of major importance). The result is an increasing recognition that computer systems security is often easily compromised.This research will provide the initial step in assessing ways in which attorneys retained to prosecute computer crimes and computer people who discover these violations can work together to strengthen both our computer systems to thwart violators and the laws that are currently on the books that can be used to prosecute violators. Dr. Karen A. Forcht is currently an Associate Professor in the Information and Decision Sciences Department at James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia. She has published over 20 articles in the following journals: Dat Management, Journal of Data Education, Interface, Journal of CIS, Computer Security Management, Journal of Systems Management, Security Management Journal, for the Computer Security Institute, and numerous other computer journals. She presented the MIS portion of the National Computer Educator's Institute, sponsored by Mitchell Publishing Company, at Central State University during the summer of 1986. Dr. Forcht received her doctorate from Oklahoma State University and is a Certified Data Educator (CDE). Dr. Daphyne Saunders Thomas is currently an Assistant Professor of Business Law and Ethics in the Department of Finance and Business law at James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia. She has published articles in numerous journals including the SWFAD Business Law Proceedings, The Mid-Atlantic Business Law Journal, Security Management Journal, The Encyclopedia of Professional Management, and Commerce Clearinghouse. In addition, she has presented papers at regional and national conferences in the areas of law, business, and computer security. Dr. Thomas received her Juris Doctorate degree from the Washington and Lee University School of Law.Karen Worrell Wigginton is currently an Instructor of Management at James Madison University. Mrs. Wigginton received a B.A. degree in Journalism from Radford University in 1980, followed by a M.S. degree in Educational Research and Foundations in 1982. She joined the Department of Management as an Instructor in 1987. Mrs. Wigginton instructs various courses in management including Small and Family Business Management. She has also taught courses in Hospitality Industry Management.     

中外经济学家对中国经济增长率的评论

随着中国经济的持续快速发展,反映中国经济发展的官方统计数据引起了国内外经济学家的广泛关注.本文探讨了美国经济学家罗斯基教授撰写的论文"中国GDP统计发生了什么"的基本观点、基本依据及其存在的一些问题;介绍了中国经济学家任若恩教授对罗斯基的观点和依据所进行的批评;阐述了美国经济学家克莱茵、拉迪、诺敦对中国经济增长率的评论.     

Public relations,professionalism, and the public interest

The public interest statement contained in the PRSA Code of Professional Standards is unduly vague and provides neither a working definition of public interest nor any guidance for the performance of what most professions consider to be a primary value. This paper addresses the question of what might constitute public relations service in the public interest, and calls for more stringent guidelines to be developed whereby the profession may advance its service goals more clearly.Thomas H. Bivins, is an Associate Professor in the School of Journalism at the University of Oregon where he teaches public relations and mass media ethics. He received his Ph.D. in 1982 in telecommunication and taught for three years at the University of Delaware before returning to the U of O. Bivins received a B.A. in English and an M.F.A. in creative writing and has nearly twenty years of professional media experience, including work in radio, television, advertising, public relations and editorial cartooning.     

Henry S. Rowen, Marguerite Gong Hancock, and William F. Miller, editors. Making IT: The Rise of Asia in High Tech

General Electric is an international high-tech icon that beganwith Thomas Edison and the first electrical revolution, andthrived through every one since. Like many global giants, ithas firm American roots. Yet on June 1, 2007, the New York Timescould publish a headline in the business section entitled "ChiefSays G.E. Aims to Match the Growth Pace Set by India." In     

BUSINESS ETHICS IN RUSSIA: Business Ethics in the New Russia: A Report

Last June, Moscow was the setting for a Russian-sponsored conference on business ethics. One of the participants from the USA, Professor Thomas W. Dunfee, here gives his impressions of what was clearly an instructive occasion. Professor Dunfee is Kolodny Professor of Social Responsibility at the Wharton School of Business of the University of Pennsylvania and is an international authority on business ethics.
"Older people have an ethics problem. By that, I mean they have ethics. To survive, I can break a law if I need to and if the risks aren't too large. Older people wouldn't even think in such a way." Dimitri Zotov, explaining why young people are in high professional demand in the new Russia, Wall Street Journal , p.A5, Col.1, 8/2/93.
"Shell-shocked men and women spend their days hacking through the post-Soviet wilderness in search of a near-mythical creature, an honest joint-venture partner." David Brooks, "Cracking That Post-Soviet Market", Wall Street Journal, editorial page, 8/24/93.     

Corporate loyalty: Its objects and its grounds

Disloyalty is always a vice, but loyalty is not always a virtue, so ethical management should not seek simply whatever loyalty it can get. Loyalty can make it possible for us to trust each other, and, when it takes appropriate objects and does not take extreme or improper forms, it can lie at the heart of much of what makes life worthwhile. Hence, it is understandable that corporations and management seek loyalty despite the fact that it can so easily go wrong. This paper deals with the issues of the grounds and objects of the employee loyalty that it is appropriate for management to seek.Bob Ewin is Associate Professor of Philosophy at The University of Western Australia. He is the author ofCo-operation and Human Values (1981),Liberty, Community, and Justice (1987),Virtues and Rights: The Moral Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes (1991), and The Moral Status of the Corporation (this journal, 1991).     

Pay equity: Equal value to whom?

This paper is an exploration of the concept equal value as it applies to pay equity. Following a brief discussion of several standard objections to pay equity legislation, the paper considers a number of different criteria which are employed in determining equal value or worth. Two in particular are isolated for extended discussion: the desert and the contribution criteria. The paper concludes with a major concern about the phrase equal value to the employer. This concern becomes pressing once the desert and contribution criteria are distinguished. Wil Waluchow is an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at McMaster University. He has published several articles in legal philosophy and ethics and is the co-author of Well and Good: Case Studies in Biomedical Ethics (with J. E. Thomas, 1987) and the co-editor of Business Ethics in Canada (with D. Poff, 1987).     

Ecological marketing strategy for Toni yogurts in Switzerland

Whoever enters a food store in Switzerland, nowadays, most probably passes by a conspicuous crate for depositing empty glass containers for Toni yogurts. But who actually would know that the story behind the recyclable glass containers is one of the most interesting and informative cases, where one company successfully integrated ecological considerations of society-at-large into their company's marketing strategy, making it eventually a great business success. It is an encouraging story for those who are trying to find ways to include a sense of social responsibility into company policies without calling for more state intervention to bring it about. It is a sobering story at the same time, leaving little doubt, that there are no easy and undisputed solutions for complex and ambiguous problems.PD Dr. Thomas Dyllick, is a Senior Lecturer in Management at St. Gallen Graduate School of Business Administration, St. Gallen, Switzerland. He has recently completed his Habilitation on Managing the corporate external environment.     

Social contracts and corporations: A reply to Hodapp

In this reply to Professor Hodapp's criticism of my social contract theory, I focus on the misinterpretations I believe Professor Hodapp makes of the social contract tradition as well as my version of the contract. By misinterpreting the underlying purpose of social contract theory, he neglects the contract's heuristic or functional dimension, something that leads him to downplay the importance of the contract as a conceptual catalyst. And by adopting an overly narrow notion of rationality, he imagines circularity where none exists. Later, Professor Hodapp questions the effect of the contract upon individual liberties, and in doing so broaches a critical issue. But I attempt to show that his concerns are eliminated by close attention to the theory itself. Thomas Donaldson is the John A. Largay Scholar, and Professor, at the School of Business, Georgetown University, where he also holds the positions of Adjunct Professor, at the Department of Philosophy, and Senior Research Fellow, at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics. His most recent book is Ethics in International Business (Oxford University Press, 1989).     

Not Quite Easy to Win MOFCOM's Nod——On MOFCOM Conditionally Clearing Proposed Acquisition of Sanyo by Panasonic

On October 30,2009,Ministry of Commerce of the PRC("MOFCOM"),a ministry directly under the State Council of China in charge of merger control,issued an announcement to clear the acquisition of Sanyo by Panasonic subject to conditions.     

Integrating ethics into the business school curriculum

A project on teaching business ethics at The Wharton School concluded that ethics should be directly incorporated into key MBA courses and taught by the core business faculty. The project team, comprised of students, ethics faculty and functional business faculty, designed a model program for integrating ethics. The project was funded by the Exxon Education Foundation.The program originates with a general introduction designed to familiarize students with literature and concepts pertaining to professional and business ethics and corporate social responsibility. This may be accomplished through orientation sessions, readings, packages, short classes and lectures.The key segment of the plan is to have ethics modules developed and systematically integrated throughout key business courses. In the project experiment, sample modules were developed for courses in introductory marketing, introductory management, corporate finance and business policy.The modules are designed to respond to the concerns of functional business faculty that they cannot be sufficiently authoritative in teaching ethics and that inserting coverage of ethics will displace critically important topics in their already crowded courses. On the other hand, the functional instructors found that, once encouraged, students were very willing to discuss ethical issues and that their sophistication increased throughout the course. Thomas W. Dunfee is the Kolodny Professor of Social Responsibility at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Author of numerous textbooks (Random House, Prentice-Hall, John Wiley), he teaches courses on business ethics and commercial law. He has published numerous articles in law reviews and business periodicals and has consulted to many corporations, government agencies and law firms. Currently President-Elect of the American Business Law Association, he is a former editor-in-chief of the American Business Law Journal. Diana C. Robertson is a Senior Fellow in Business Ethics in the Department of Legal Studies at The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Her publications in business ethics include Corporate Restructuring and Employee Interests: The Tin Parachute, The Ethics of Organizational Transformation: Mergers, Takeovers and Corporate Restructuring, Quorum Books, 1988, Why Superimposing Ethics on the Corporation Won't Work, Corporate University Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, July 1988, 18–23, and Work-Related Ethical Attitudes: Impact on Business Profitability with Thomas W. Dunfee, Business and Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Winter 1984), 25–40.     

The Morality of Bluffing: A Reply to Allhoff

In a recent paper that appeared in this journal Fritz Allhoff addresses the morality of bluffing in negotiations¹. He focuses on cases in which people misstate their reservation price in negotiations, e.g., suppose that I am selling a house and tell a prospective buyer that $300,000 is absolutely the lowest price that I will accept, when I know that I would be willing to accept as little as $270,000 for the house rather than continue to try to sell it. Allhoff criticizes my (qualified) defense of bluffing in my paper Second Thoughts on Bluffing,² and offers what he takes to be a more plausible defense of bluffing. Allhoffs criticisms rest on several serious misinterpretations of my views. He ascribes to me several arguments that I dont make. He also attributes to me an unqualified defense of bluffing that I explicitly reject. I briefly document this in Section 1. In Sections 2 and 3 I explain and criticize Allhoffs positive views about bluffing and the morality of bluffing.Thomas Carson is professor of philosophy at Loyola University Chicago. He is the author of Value and the Good Life and The Status of Morality. He is the co-editor of Moral Relativism and Morality and the Good Life. He is the author of numerous papers on ethical theory and business ethics and is a member of the editorial board of Business Ethics Quarterly and Journal of Business Ethics. He is currently working on a book entitled Lying and Deception: Theory and Practice.