Learning and Bounded Rationality

Sargent, Thomas J., Bounded Rationality in Economics Kirkman, Alan and Salmon, Mark, Learning and Rationality in Economics     

Social Dimensions of Individualistic Rationality

We re‐examine the introduction of social dimensions into the economic conception of individual rationality. Most contributions in this area adopt the rational utility maximizer by adding social aspects into the domain of the agent's consideration. Thus, an inconsistency is created between sociality and opportunism. We overcome this by employing the Weberian distinction between instrumental and expressive rationality. It does not require the increase in the domain of agent's considerations and it captures society in a richer way with heterogeneity of social attitudes both to society as a system and to its management.     

Social Circumstances and Rationality:

Abstract Upon the uniformity in individuals’ decision‐making mechanism rests a great deal of the legitimacy of natural liberty. As we are all equally sovereign (cognitive‐wise), we only strike deals that inevitably make us better off. We all gain from trade and thus, as everyone is better off, so must be the whole of society. But could it be that people are rational yet not equally sovereign? In this paper, we examine Smith's interpretation of rationality, and we find that it is fundamentally a social concept. As such, the manifestation of rationality in individual behavior depends on how sophisticated is individuals’ access to public opinion. Consequently, individuals who are equally self‐interested may face very different sets of options, which are determined by their social circumstances. This difference may suggest that, although all agents may be motivated by the same objective, they cannot be considered as equally sovereign.     

对消费合理性的探究

消费是人类生存与发展的重要条件之一。异化的消费在今天却有愈演愈烈的趋势。消费异化表现为消费主体在消费活动中失去主体地位的行为活动及心理体验。树立绿色的消费观念、坚持适度的消费原则、保持理性消费是应对消费异化的基本对策。绿色消费是一种避免或减少对环境的破坏,更好的保护生态环境的新型消费模式。适度消费是指与国情、个人收入水平及社会风尚相适应的消费行为。理性消费就是指消费者在消费能力允许的条件下,按照追求效用最大化原则进行的消费。     

Discursive Rationality and the Division of Labour

A bstract One of the great achievements of economic science is the explanation of the benefits of the division of labour in market economies. However, despite its merits this utilitarian explanation is insufficient as an account for the widespread division of labour. This insufficiency stems from the normative shortcomings of the harmony-of-interests doctrine, which cannot justify the respect of private-property titles and. therefore, cannot explain on purely utilitarian grounds the fact that the division of labour is as widespread as it in fact is. Mariam Thalos has recently provided a partial solution to this problem by arguing that religious relief in God performs a public function that facilitates human co-operation. In critical elaboration of her thesis, the division of labour is explained by taking into account a different aspect of human reason, namely, discursive rationality.     

Reason, Bounded Rationality, and the Lebenswelth

A bstract Herbert Stmon introduced the concept of bounded rationality to provide a socially sensitive perspective on decision making But he was not entrrely successful in this endeavor Specifically, he has not abandoned the as sumption of perfect rationality All he has done is to recognize that perons rational manner In this paper, and thus are incapable of acting in perfectly rational manner In this paper, the attempt is made to illustrate how Simon's position can be deepened due to the work of a host of modern writers Decistion making, in ohter words, can be made socially sensitive by understanding facts and reason to originate from the I ebensu'elt     

采购过程删减合理性探讨

针对某些非制造行业在建立ISO9001：2000标准体系时，提出删减条款7．4的情况，作者从采购对象的分类入手、结合现场审核经验，对此进行了分析和探讨。     

外贸产品结构的合理性分析

本文利用投入产出分析中的影响力系数和推动力系数的概念,确定国民经济中的支柱产业和瓶颈产业,根据出口、进口产品对国民经济系统的不同作用,分析外贸产品结构的合理性,提出了外贸产品结构合理度指数的计算公式。     

Rationality,specification tests,and macroeconomic models

Rational expectation models embody cross-equation restrictions that are implied by the theory of rational expectations. In this paper we illustrate how tests of these restrictions may be implemented in terms of general macroeconomic models by employing the models of Taylor and Sargent as examples. In addition, the more important issue of the proper interpretation of the results of these tests is addressed. We contend that tests for rationality should become part of the model-building process as they are akin to specification tests for models in which rational expectations is treated as the maintained hypothesis. A procedure is suggested when the restriction are inconsistent with data. Special emphasis is placed upon examining how changes in specifications of the model's exogenous variables can influence test results.     

邓锋 回归市场的理性

我们会对投过的公司强调,第一不要假想2009年会是一个高速增长银第二不要想着靠花钱来刺激公司的增长,应该注重建立企业的核心竞争力     

如何确保产品标准的科学合理性

要提高产品质量,必须确保产品标准的科学合理性。文章简述了企业产品标准中存在的主要问题,并提出了确保企业产品标准科学合理性的对策。     

GDP Estimates: Rationality Tests and Turning Point Performance

The reliability of BEA’s estimates, as measured by the magnitude and pattern of revisions, is highly important to economic policy-making and business decisions. We find evidence that the revisions are partially predicable using contemporaneously available information for the current quarterly estimates of GDP. Information about national income is found to significantly supplement the information found in the final current quarterly estimates of GDP in explaining the revisions to the latest-available estimates of GDP. However, there is little evidence of the predictability of revisions in GDI or national income. Finally, both the advance and final current quarterly estimates are found to do a reliable job of measuring GDP and GDI around cyclical peaks, but a less reliable job around cyclical troughs, the declines preceding the troughs are overstated and the upturns after the troughs are understated. An earlier and somewhat expanded version of this paper, “Revisions, Rationality, and Turning Points in GDP,” was presented at the session “Tracking the Turning Points in the Economy,” AEA meetings January 3–5 2003, Washington DC. It is available in the “working papers” section of BEA’s web site, www.bea.gov     

人民币汇率水平的合理性--人民币实际汇率与均衡汇率的偏离度分析

近年来,人民币汇率制度面临严峻的挑战,日、美等国认为人民币汇率被严重低估,要求人民币升值。本文使用单位根检验、协整分析、向量误差校正模型研究中国实际汇率,以及实际汇率与均衡汇率的相对偏离．研究了人民币汇率水平的合理性。     

论公差课程名称的合理性

从标准化的角度对公差课程名称所存在问题进行了分析,继而就该课程名称的合理性进行了探讨,提出该课程更名为“精度设计与检测”的建议。     

有限理性假设下供应链合作博弈的定性模拟研究

本文放宽一般博弈论中理性人的假设,运用混合建模方法构建了有限理性下的供应链合作博弈模型,模型将供应链企业的收益模糊化并扩展供应链合作博弈中局中人的策略空间,可以选择从“0”(完全不合作)到“1”(完全合作)连续区间内的任何合作程度,策略集是连续的区间.模拟结果表现为供应链合作策略的调整过程,能够提供更有效的决策支持.在此基础上,以二人合作博弈为例,用结合定性信息的定性模拟方法对博弈过程进行研究,得到结论:在供应链合作中,无论是平均分配还是按成员企业的资源投入分配,从模拟结果来看,定性模拟方法的使用,对一些不具备完备信息,无法建立精确数学模型的博弈过程也可以进行分析,并得出相对满意的结论.     

Managerial Values and Rationality in the UK National Health Service

The reforms of the National Health Service arising from the White Paper Working for Patients , were predicated on a particular view of management and the implementation of the changes heralded by this act relied heavily on the actions of the managers charged with carrying them through. This article reports on work undertaken to discover how middle managers responded to this challenge. The views of middle managers concerning the values that guide their work are explored in the context of managing in the reformed NHS. Data were collected by means of a focused ethnography and analysed thematically. This process was informed, in part, by recourse to Weber's conceptualization of rationality. It was found that managers are struggling to reconcile the demands inherent in their role that arise from contrasting and often competing rationalities, which is a reflection of conflict over priorities in the wider health policy environment.     

我国开征社会保障税的合理性分析

我国开征社会保障税的必要性包括:社会保障税可以有效解决我国社会保障筹资总量不足且保障水平低的问题;可以有效应时人口老龄化高峰给社会保障带来的巨大压力;建设现代公共财政及营造消费环境拉动经济增长的要求等.社会主义税收本质、国民时社会保障重要性的认识、现有的税收征管机构设置的管理能力,以及国外的社保税征收经验,都决定了我国开征社会保障税的可行性.     

我国开征社会保障税的合理性分析

我国开征社会保障税的必要性包括：社会保障税可以有效解决我国社会保障筹资总量不足且保障水平低的问题;可以有效应对人口老龄化高峰给社会保障带来的巨大压力;建设现代公共财政及营造消费环境拉动经济增长的要求等。社会主义税收本质、国民对社会保障重要性的认识、现有的税收征管机构设置的管理能力,以及国外的社保税征收经验,都决定了我国开征社会保障税的可行性。     

个体决策者有限理性的影响因素分析

有限理性是比完全理性更符合社会经济实际情况的假说。论文在相关文献梳理的基础上,主要从决策者自身和决策环境两方面来考虑,采用定性分析的方法对影响个体决策者有限理性的四大因素——认知、心智成本、不确定性和信息成本进行系统研究,分析有限理性与这四个影响因素之间的复杂关系,并对影响因素之间的交互效应进行研究。