管理层持股的利益趋同效应研究——基于中国A股上市公司盈余持续性的检验

管理层持股对公司盈余影响有“利益趋同”和“壕沟防御”两种效应。本文采用股权分置改革后中国A股上市公司2007年至2010年样本,基于盈余持续性的视角,研究了管理层持股的利益趋同效应。研究发现管理层持股能显著提高上市公司的盈余持续性,进一步研究还发现董事会和高级管理人员的作用强于监事会。本文不仅丰富了管理层持股对盈余持续性影响的研究,而且获得了管理层持股“利益趋同”作用的支持性验证,说明股权分置改革后“内部人控制”不再是制约管理层持股的制度障碍。本文研究支持上市公司和监管层积极看待管理层持股,并建议上市公司区别制定有效股权激励计划,通过不断完善资本市场和公司治理结构,更好地发挥管理层持股的积极作用。     

Dynamic Moral Hazard and Executive Stock Options

This paper shows that the optimal executive compensation scheme in a dynamic moral hazard environment is convex in the firm value. This implies that the optimal contract should include stock options. This is because the private benefit of shirking is increasing in firm value and the manager's utility is concave. Therefore, in contrast to the previous literature that takes stock options in the incentive contract exogenously, we rationalize the optimality of their use endogenously. Moreover, we show that the optimal amount of stock options (restricted stocks) increases with agency cost and the executive's reservation utility, decreases with the degree of risk aversion of the manager, and increases (decreases) with the firm size.     

EFFECTS OF ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION WITHIN A FIRM ON OLIGOPOLISTIC MARKET OUTCOMES

I analyze the implications of the Laffont–Tirole type agency problems on oligopolistic market outcomes. In the model, a firm's marginal cost is decreasing in managerial effort and is subject to an additive shock. Both managerial effort and the realization of the shock are a manager's private information. A firm first offers a menu of contract to its manager, and then competes in the product market. As in the model of single principal and single agent, the incentive contracts implement efforts that are distorted downward relative to full information. In this model, with multiple agency relationships, an additional source for upward distortion of effort emerges as a result of the interaction in the product market. The results are robust to whether firms compete in price or quantity.     

Reward design and CEO succession in the UK

Previous research has shown that top executives often rise to the peak of their organizations after a long-term employment relationship, and that internal promotion to the top is reflected in enhanced baseline salaries. Using data from a representative sample of UK companies, the links between the fixed and variable elements of the Chief Executive Officer's compensation package are examined and whether the appointment has been promoted internally or recruited from outside of the company. From this analysis, it is concluded that the positive impact on basic pay of elevation to the top job from within the company is not present in total compensation or the structure of pay. It also emerges that although tenure does not significantly impact on the structure of pay, it does alter total reward through its impact on the value of options granted: longer company tenure reduces both the award of share options and the total value of the remuneration package; job tenure, on the other hand, raises the executive's reward primarily through its positive impact on baseline salary. Though share ownership reduces the performance sensitivity of earnings, increases in baseline salary are reflected in greater exposure to the use of share options.     

ASSET RETURNS UNDER PERIODIC REVELATIONS OF EARNINGS MANAGEMENT

The article investigates stock return dynamics in an environment where executives have an incentive to maximize their compensation by artificially inflating earnings. A principal–agent model with financial reporting and managerial effort is embedded in a Lucas asset‐pricing model with periodic revelations of the firm's underlying profitability. The return process generated from the model is consistent with a range of empirical regularities observed in the return data: volatility clustering, asymmetric volatility, and high idiosyncratic volatility. The calibration results further indicate that earnings management can be quantitatively important in accounting for the dynamic patterns of stock returns.     

国有企业管理者激励补偿效应——政府的角色

本文突出制度环境,研究了政府干预对国有企业管理者薪酬激励效应的影响。同时,比较了政府这一制度约束与管理者权力这一契约安排之间的制衡关系。通过实证分析发现,政府干预程度越低,管理者盈余管理的空间越有限,薪酬与企业真实绩效的敏感度越强,但这一现象只存在于管理者权力较小的企业。在管理者权力较大的企业,薪酬自定现象明显,政府干预的减少并未弱化管理者的权力,也没有提高薪酬激励效应。本文的结论进一步验证了制度环境对管理者激励契约的重要影响,并对现有相关文献加以扩展,指出了契约安排内的权力取向会削弱制度环境的影响。     

Managerial Compensation and the Cost of Moral Hazard

This article investigates managerial compensation and its incentive effects. Our econometric framework is derived from a multiperiod principal-agent model with moral hazard. Longitudinal data on returns to firms and managerial compensation are used to estimate the model. We find that firms would incur large losses from ignoring moral hazard, whereas managers only require moderate additional compensation for accepting a contract that ties their wealth to the value of the firm. Thus the costs of aligning hidden managerial actions to shareholder goals through the compensation schedule are much less than the benefits from the resulting managerial performance.     

努力不足、过度冒险与金融高管薪酬激励

次贷危机后人们普遍将金融高管薪酬激励不当视为引起危机的重要原因之一,并提出了相应的薪酬改革原则和方案,那么如何理解金融高管薪酬激励的特点及这些改革举措呢?本文依据金融中介的基本职能(通过收集信息和积极监督进行资产组合投资)和(投机性)金融资产的泡沫特性,认为金融高管的薪酬激励需要同时考虑诱导努力和风险控制,当面临经理可以同时控制努力水平和资产选择的双重道德风险时,由于资产选择对努力的替代效应,线性激励会导致无关性结果即激励强度与努力水平无关,造成努力不足,而投机性资产的泡沫性进一步强化了这种效应,并诱发经理的过度冒险行为,即使存在良好治理的董事会时也是如此。各种薪酬改革措施和监管政策讨论需要同时解决努力不足和过度冒险这两个基本问题。     

经理人股权薪酬合约结构的理论与启示

经理人股权薪酬合约中限制性股票和股票期权如何配置与其激励特性及经理人股票期权价值相关。本文使用布莱克——斯科尔斯模型衡量经理人期杈价值时存在没有考虑经理人异质风险态度、风险构成对期权定价的影响。介绍了3个不同模型支撑下的股权薪酬合约结构的理论,并联系我国的实际情况提出了对我国上市公司制定股权薪酬合约计划的启示和建议。     

研发合作中的产权结构与投资激励

不完全合同背景下,产权分配在参与方的投资决策中至关重要。利用产权理论讨论了研发合作中的序贯投资决策和创新的产权分配问题。研究表明,最优产权结构随着参与方的谈判力变动,谈判力较低的一方单独拥有产权能够平衡其投资积极性;随着投资关系专用性程度的增加,最优产权为联合产权在产品开发者谈判力区间的范围更广。为了提高双方合作效率,可考虑采用由一个产品开发者出价并按照研究单位投资积极性分配初始产权的期权合同。比较分析发现：期权合同能够缓解投资不足问题,并进一步提高双方合作效率。     

Managerial Bargaining Power in the Determination of Compensation Contracts and Corporate Investment

This paper considers the design of managerial compensation contracts and their impact on corporate investment decisions and the managerial effort decision. The model relates the compensation scheme to outside share ownership and managerial bargaining position. Using the methods of mechanism design under asymmetric information, a shift in favor of effort is documented in the case where managerial bargaining strength is weak, while a shift toward more use of capital investment results from strong managerial bargaining power. The model distinguishes managerial equity holdings from contingent compensation contracts. Our results are related to the empirical literature on pay-performance sensitivities.     

高管激励调节下研发投入与企业绩效关系研究

以中国上市公司为研究样本,实证分析了高管激励对研发投入与企业绩效关系的调节作用。通过对企业总样本的研究发现,研发投入对企业绩效具有显著促进作用;高管股权激励对研发投入与企业绩效具有显著正向调节作用,但薪酬激励的调节作用不显著。进一步研究发现,所有制形式是影响高管激励调节作用的重要情景要素,高管薪酬激励对国有企业和非国有企业的研发投入与绩效关系分别起着正向和负向调节作用;而高管股权激励仅对非国有企业具有显著正向调节作用。同时发现,反映公司治理和财务运营质量方面的控制变量对不同所有制企业高管激励发挥调节作用的影响程度不同。研究结论可为企业制定合理的高管激励机制,提高创新绩效提供决策参考。     

人力资本对企业绩效的影响研究——薪酬的中介作用

本研究基于资源基础理论，对企业人力资本进行定量测度的基础上，分析了2615家上市公司在2014年至2017年期间薪酬管理模式在人力资本对企业绩效影响过程中发挥的作用，并使用结构方程模型和多群组分析法对假设进行检验。研究结果表明，薪酬管理在人力资本与企业绩效之间起完全中介效应。高人力资本、高薪酬激励的企业的绩效要高于低人力资本、低薪酬激励的企业的绩效；本研究还发现当企业具有高人力资本和低薪酬激励时，企业绩效甚至会低于具有低人力资本、低薪酬激励的企业绩效。本研究突破传统薪酬管理的质性研究方法，为打开战略人力资源管理领域的“黑箱”提供了一个新的视角。     

Debt, managerial compensation and learning

Using a dynamic model with uncertainty and asymmetric information, we study the impact of debt and bankruptcy on managerial compensation and learning. In this model, compensation has two roles to play—providing incentives to the manager and learning about his type. We show that debt, through bankruptcy, acts as a substitute of compensation in both dimensions and derive conditions under which debt lowers average compensation, pay-performance sensitivity and increases learning. We also examine the choice of debt and show that firm value can be increased due to debt's effect on managerial compensation, abstracting from other costs and benefits of debt. Finally, we conduct comparative statics with respect to the underlying parameters.     

Executive Compensation and Legal Investor Protection: Evidence from China's Listed Firms

This paper seeks to relate the increases in executive compensation observed in China to improvement of the legal environment. We build a simple model and demonstrate that improvement in legal investor protection reduces the manager's private benefits of control; in order to make the managerial incentives compatible, some of the forgone private benefits have to be compensated in the form of increased executive pay. Using a large dataset on Chinese listed corporations, we find strong evidence that improvement of the legal environment is significantly associated with both the rise in executive compensation and the reduction in agency costs, which is consistent with our model predictions.     

激励机制影响新创企业知识转移的系统动力学分析

激励机制对新创企业知识转移影响的主导作用已引起业界广泛关注,根据知识管理理论和激励理论,在将激励机制划分为内在激励和外在激励的基础上,构建了反映激励机制对新创企业知识转移影响的系统动力学模型,利用Vensim软件仿真分析了工作价值、心理契约两种内在激励机制以及股权激励、薪酬激励两种外在激励机制对知识转移的影响,并就两类激励机制及二者互动对转移效果的影响进行了灵敏度分析。结果表明,内在激励和外在激励均能有效促进新创企业的知识转移,且二者存在互补耦合效应,据此可为提高新创企业知识转移绩效的激励机制设计问题提供决策支持。     

Agency Contracts,Noncommitment Timing Strategies and Real Options

Given that an owner lacks the ability to commit to his or her timing decisions under a manager's hidden action, we consider the optimal design of the contract and the owner's optimal timing decisions. Using a real options approach, we show that, compared with the full commitment case, a higher (lower)‐quality project is launched later than (at the same time as) the first‐best case, whereas the replacement of the manager is (is not necessarily) made later if the hidden‐action problem is severe enough (is not severe enough). Severance pay may serve to minimize the compensation for the manager's loss of corporate control.     

高管激励对企业创新影响的实证分析——基于分析师关注的中介效应研究

基于2011-2018年A股上市公司的面板数据,采用中介效应模型和Bootstrap检验,实证分析了高管激励、分析师关注和企业创新三者之间的关系.结果 表明:薪酬激励、股权激励都可以促进企业创新,高管激励力度越大,企业的创新投入和创新产出越多;高管激励与分析师关注呈正相关关系,不论是薪酬激励还是股权激励,都会提高分析师对企业的关注程度;分析师关注在高管激励与企业创新关系中发挥了重要中介作用,高管激励通过提高分析师关注进而促进了企业创新,在控制了高管激励因素后,分析师关注对企业创新仍然存在明显正效应.     

国有银行控股比例与管理授权——基于混合寡占模型的研究

本文结合中国银行业竞争日趋激烈的现实背景,从国有银行股份制改革和管理授权入手构建了银行业混合寡占、国有银行混合持股的两阶段古诺竞争模型,分析国有银行为达到既定目标如何选择国有控股比例及适当的管理激励合同。研究表明,国有银行会选择利润收益合同作为占优管理授权,而放弃相对表现激励合同;当国有银行将最大化社会福利作为目标时,国有银行成为市场垄断者,私有银行被挤出市场;仅在利润收益激励合同下,国有银行将最大化利润和消费者剩余之和作为目标。     

我国上市公司高管层股权激励中存在的问题及对策研究

高管层股权激励是上市公司管理中的重要机制,是极为重要的薪酬激励模式之一。高管层股权激励加强了公司股东与高管之间的利益关系,促进公司高管为股东创造更多的利益。就此,以上市公司的高管股权激励为研究对象,初步探讨高管股权激励的基本类型和特点,对我国上市公司高管层股权激励中存在的问题进行分析研究,并提出一些行之有效的对策。