运用历史唯物主义世界观构建中国经济学

本文运用生产力决定生产关系运动规律的历史唯物主义世界观，对构建中国经济学的理论逻辑、历史逻辑和实践逻辑进行了全方位的阐述：一是由于在不同社会或同一社会的不同经济发展阶段，甚至同一社会的不同国家，生产力决定生产关系的矛盾运动会表现出不同的规律，因而创立揭示中国生产力决定生产关系矛盾运动特殊规律的中国经济学符合经济学创立的理论逻辑；二是由于经济学在不同社会或同一社会的不同发展阶段，甚至同一社会的不同国家，于思想史上都会产生不同的理论体系，因而以揭示中国式现代化特殊经济规律为目的来构建中国经济学，符合经济学演进的历史逻辑；三是由于我国站起来、富起来、强起来三个不同发展阶段中生产力与生产关系矛盾运动表现出不同的规律，中国实践就需要中国经济学分别揭示三个不同发展阶段的经济运动规律，因而把富起来和强起来两个不同发展阶段的经济理论统一为中国特色社会主义经济学，或者单独把强起来发展阶段的经济理论构建为新时代中国特色社会主义经济学，符合经济学创立的实践逻辑。     

〈资本论〉的方法论意义：马克思主义经济学的五个方法论命题

本文根据《资本论》的启示,将马克思主义经济学的方法论概括为五个基本命题,即,从生产 生产关系的矛盾运动中解释社会经济制度变迁,在历史形成的社会经济结构的整体制约中分析个体经济行为,以生产资料所有制为基础确定整个经济制度的性质,依据经济关系来理解政治法律制度和伦理规范,通过社会实践实现社会经济发展合规律与合目的统一。这五个基本命题构成马克思主义经济学的“硬核”。在经济分析中依循这五个命题,将坚持和发     

论《资本论》的研究对象、方法和分析范式

马克思在《资本论》第一卷序言中明确指出:"我要在本书研究的,是资本主义生产方式以及和它相适应的生产关系和交换关系。"这句话是关于《资本论》的研究对象的经典表述。我们可以将马克思这一经典表述解读为:作为资本主义经济形成的生产力基础的生产组织或劳动方式,以及和它相适应的生产关系和交换关系。在《资本论》中,马克思将历史唯物主义运用于资本主义经济形态的研究,发现了这种经济形态的特殊运动规律。这就是说,《资本论》的研究方法就是历史唯物主义。在《资本论》的宏大的理论体系的展开过程中,历史唯物主义的世界观这个根本的方法论原则,具体化为经济学分析的一系列规范:(1)从生产力与生产关系的矛盾运动中解释社会经济制度变迁;(2)以生产资料所有制为基础确定整个社会经济制度的性质;(3)在历史形成的社会经济结构的整体制约中分析人的经济行为;(4)依据经济关系来理解政治和法律的制度以及道德规范。     

论马克思主义经济学与西方非主流经济学在方法论上的联系与区别

西方非主流经济学在强调社会经济活动的历史性和时间性、人的有限理性、信息的不完全性、生产结构和社会制度的重要性等方面,大体上是相通的,这也是这些学科在方法论方面与马克思主义经济学相联系的方面。由于非主流经济学没有系统、科学的历史唯物主义世界观和方法论,不能在生产力和生产关系的矛盾运动中把握社会经济的运动规律,因而与马克思主义经济学在方法论上又存在明显的区别。研究上述的联系和区别,对于我们更好地坚持马克思主义经济学的立场,特别是对于正确认识西方非主流经济学的性质和演变趋势是具有非常重要意义的。     

比较经济学

开始主要表现为比较经济制度学的比较经济学,是在二次世界大战以后逐渐独立成一个新的经济学科的,它以不同经济制度下的各种经济模式和现象为研究对象,从中探讨不同经济制度国家的经济发展规律。比较经济学的涵义很广,它不仅是对不同经济制度、不同经济模式的比较研究,而且更多的是对不同经济制度下的不同国家的具体经济问题,诸如劳动力市     

马克思制度经济思想研究

马克思经济学的研究对象是生产关系,即广义的经济制度。制度分析是马克思的基本分析方法,运用这一分析方法,马克思揭示了资本主义经济制度的实质是私有制基础上的雇佣劳动制度,"两权分离"是资本主义经济运行制度的基本特征。在社会主义经济发展和改革的实践中,丰富和发展马克思制度经济思想和理论,是构建当代马克思主义制度经济学的一项基础性工作。     

论经济学研究对象的分歧

西主经济以资源配置为研究对象，是以人性抽象的同一不变性和人的需要无限制为前提的，马克思主义经济学以人与人的关系为研究对象，是以人的个性判别存在为前提的，把人性的相对不变性和人性的判别存在有机地结构起来，或许是经济学重建的前提和基本出路。     

马克思经济学的对象与中国特色社会主义经济学的创新

在马克思经济学中,有以叙述资本主义经济关系的典型形式和本质特征的经济学对象上的理解,也有以研究资本主义经济关系的特殊形式和现实特征的经济学对象上的理解。中国特色社会主义经济学,在对象方法上,以社会主义初级阶段经济关系为研究对象,突出经济制度、经济体制和经济运行的整体研究,把握解放生产力和发展生产力理论基础地位、以"剥离下来"和"结合起来"为方法论要义:在理论结构上,以经济改革论、经济制度论、市场经济论、科学发展论和对外开放论为主导理论。这些主导理论的相互联系、相互依存,构成一个有机整体。这些主导理论的相互结合、相互作用,生成其他一系列衍生性理论。主要理论和衍生性理论结合在一起,共同构成中国特色社会主义经济学理论体系。     

论马克思主义人本经济学思想的形成与发展

马克思主义人本经济学思想形成与发展过程表明，一方面，人作为社会性存在，其经济行为总是受“选择”背后的利益关系和制度结构的制约。如果不研究生产关系、人与人之间的社会关系，经济学研究就会背离经济问题的实质；另一方面，更重要的是，人本身的发展是衡量经济发展、社会进步的最终尺度。马克思主义经济学坚持历史唯物主义哲学和经济学的统一，强调对经济关系的研究和对人的研究的统一。正是基于这种统一性，马克思主义经典作家们在探讨社会经济运动规律的同时，从“经济关系人格化”出发，对人的动机和行为做出历史的具体的解释，从而使经济学真正成为人本经济学。     

经济学基本问题与当代经济学思想谱系——三大经济学范式的思想本质与相互关系

不同哲学立场将引致不同的经济学基本问题,由此将发现不同的经济机制,形成不同的经济学理论范式。以个体经济行为的欲望与资源的矛盾作为经济学基本问题,发现了市场的边际利益均衡机制,诞生了新古典主义经济学;以再生产流程问题为经济学基本问题,发现了社会再生产流程的货币流量机制,诞生了凯恩斯主义经济学;以市场经济的生产关系力量的根源和本质作为经济学基本问题,导致了对资本的历史运动规律的发现,诞生了马克思主义经济学。这三种理论范式构成了当代经济学思想谱系,它们应当相互补充,而马克思主义经济学揭示了社会经济现象的本质层面。     

Information structure and coordination in technology policy

The main purpose of our paper is to present a model which allows a comparison of different types of technology policies to be made. It appears that there is a kind of model which is appropriate to that purpose but which belongs to the theory of the firm. Indeed, one of the characteristics of technology policies is the degree of centralization of decision; as it is in the design of firm organization. It seems that a model like AOKI's (1986) presents sufficient properties to be used in our context. The aim of this exercise is to compare vertical and horizontal institutional frameworks for technology policies, more precisely diffusion and mission oriented policies. This framework will be applied to the case of some technology policies in the Federal Republic of Germany (before re-unification): programmes in production technologies and the Transrapid programme.Financial support by the E. C. for the SPES-project Comparative Economics of R & D: the case of France and Germany is gratefully acknowledged. We would like to thank all participants to the SPES-project (involving the Universities of Ausburg and Tübingen, the IFO Institute Munich, the CNRS teams LATAPSES in Nice and BETA in Strasbourg and the Ecole Centrale Paris) for helpful comments. We also profited from comments by A. Arundel, R. Cowan, P. A. David, C. Freeman and L. Soete, and by two anonymous referees. An initial version of this paper is published as Foray and Llerena, 1992.     

Do Open Access Conditions Affect the Valuation of an Externality? Estimating the Welfare Effects of Mangrove-Fishery Linkages in Thailand

Mangroves are considered ecologicallyimportant due to their role as breedinggrounds and nursery habitats for off-shorefisheries. However, mangrove deforestationthrough conversion to shrimp aquaculturethreatens this valuable function. This paperdevelops a dynamic production functionapproach to analyze the influence of habitatchanges on an open access fishery that faces afinite elasticity of demand. The basic modelis applied to a case study of the impacts ofmangrove deforestation on the artisanal marinedemersal and shellfish fisheries in Thailand. By estimating parameters through pooledtime-series and cross-sectional data over the1983–1993 period for the five coastal zones ofSouthern Thailand, the welfare impacts ofmangrove deforestation are estimated underdifferent elasticity of demand assumptions. Under pure open access, the welfare lossesestimated for mangrove deforestation inThailand of 30 km² annually ranged from$12,000 to $408,000 depending on theelasticity of demand.     

A NEW METHOD OF ASSESSMENT OF THE INSURANCE SERVICE PRODUCTION

The French national accounts applied the insurance production assessment method recommended by the European system of accounts (ESA), for the years 1970 to 1985, in a particularly turbulent economic and financial environment. A better understanding of the sector was thereby obtained, but the problems set by the very "technical" production assessment method were thus brought to light. These problems are still not solved by the present accounting system, since, to summarize matters, it hides the importance of the sector's "financial" activity, whereas in fact the income drawn from this activity contributes to a high extent to the global balance of insurance operations. This is of course related to the reasons why in certain countries insurance companies are considered more as savings collecting and investment institutions rather than risk transformers.
This report sheds light on the significance of the present premiums, indemnities and reserves recording method and then presents the new method chosen by the french accounts to assess production; finally it analyses the remaining difficulties relating mainly to capital gains.     

油气田生产计划的大系统分解协调方法与应用

以大系统优化理论方法为基础,建立了油气田综合生产计划模型,应用大系统分解协调原理,将油气田综合生产计划模型按区块进行分解,通过目标函数的修正来协调各区块与整体最优的要求,给出了求解方法和步骤,并结合实例进行了应用分析。     

Financial Markets and Stochastic Growth

The authors study the effect of financial markets on the investment of a two-good two-country economy with stochastic production in a dynamic framework. Each country produces and invests only one good and, therefore, makes decisions as a central planner in an optimal growth model. Trade between consumers of both countries, however, takes place on competitive (spot or financial) markets. The authors compare the investment–consumption decisions of both "market" models with the benchmark case of an integrated world-equilibrium. In the log-linear case, it is possible to uniquely characterize the state-dependent preferences of consumers that lead to dynamically efficient investment decisions. It is shown that the investment decisions in both "market" models are, in general, inefficient compared with the efficient, or integrated world economy, case.     

The distribution approach to the aggregation of putty-clay production functions

The point of departure of the distribution approach is the efficiency distribution of the production units in an industry. From this distribution the full-capacity production function and the short-run aggregate production function of the industry are derived. The long-run production function of the industry then is derived from the full-capacity function and the short-run production function. Hence, in the context of the distribution approach the relation is analysed between the short-run, full-capacity and long-run aggregate production functions of the industry and the efficiency distribution (and related capacity distribution) of the production units in that industry. Finally, the distribution approach is applied for the case of the Japanese cotton spinning industry.     

ON THE BIASES IN FOREIGN TRADE INDICES*

Starting out from the observation that both imports and exports may be viewed as the difference between domestic consumption (use) and production, static standard theory of biases in consumption and production indices is brought to bear upon trade indices: Laspeyres tends to overrate when applied to imports and to underrate when applied to exports; for Paasche, the opposite holds true. Hence, terms of trade tend to be underrated (exaggerated) when based upon Laspeyres (Paasche) price indices. The problem of extending these conclusions to the case of changes in production frontiers and preference maps is discussed. When homotheticity is absent, correlation between price and quantity relatives may upset the simple conclusions. This is of special importance in the large-country situation. Dynamics further complicate the situation. A cobweb mechanism in exports may thus reverse the static results.     

Asymmetric oligopoly, international trade, and welfare: a synthesis

This paper analyzes the relationship between market shares and welfare under the assumption of Cournot-oligopolistic interdependence in production. The model is general enough to deal with multiple countries, oligopolists with different levels of marginal costs within each country, and any distribution of world demand across countries. It is found that the elimination of a minor firm harms the country if the country's total production is very little. However, such a policy always benefits the country if it exports the commodity. The welfare effect of production subsidies and the case of foreign ownership of firms are also discussed.     

INDEX NUMBERS AND THE COMPUTATION OF FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY1

For purposes of analyzing the nature and meaning of index number formulas to be used in the calculation of factor productivity, a distinction is made between interetemporal comparison of factor productivity for a single country and contemporaneous comparison of factor productivity in two different countries. In the former case, the country in question is supposed ideally to be realizing fully its production possibilities, and the concern is seen as appraisal of shifts in such possibilities over time due to the advance of technological knowledge. Following Moorsteen such an advance is taken to be represented by the change in capacity to produce a standard mix of outputs per unit of a standard mix of inputs. Any mix might be standard, but those actually realized at the times in question are of particular interest. The index number formulas to be applied then depend on the assumed shape of the functions representing production possibilities. The conventional practice of aggregating output arithmetically and inputs geometrically, for example, is in order where production possibilities are given by an elaborated Cobb-Douglas function, but achieves only more or less approximate results otherwise. The analysis necessarily bears also on the prices at which inputs and outputs are to be valued. For the case of contemporaneous comparison of different countries, technological knowledge is taken ideally to be the same in the countries considered. Hence the concern is to gauge differences in production efficiency, i.e., realization of production possibilities. With production capacity understood to reflect any shortfall from possibilities, and hence production inefficiency in that sense, the analysis proceeds much as before, but given the fact of inefficiency determination of suitable prices for valuation of inputs and outputs becomes relatively difficult. Alternative expedients, none entirely satisfactory, are explored.     

Effects of policy instruments on farm investments and production decisions in the Spanish COP sector

Our article assesses the impacts regarding on-farm investment and production decisions resulting from the Partially Decoupled (PD) payment scheme implemented during the 1990s and first half of the 2000s within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The Spanish Cereal, Oilseed and Protein (COP) sector is taken as a case study regarding this effect due to its economic and political relevance in Spain. The empirical analysis is applied to farm-level data from 2000 to 2004 using the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). We use a reduced-form application of the dual model of investment under uncertainty and estimate a system of censored and uncensored equations. PD payments are found to increase short-run production and generate a statically significant increase in the investment in farm assets. Results also show the importance of assessing the effects of PD payments in a dynamic framework as applied in this article.