低碳经济下地方政府和旅游企业的演化博弈

全球气候变化及其对旅游业的潜在重大影响已成为世界范围的迫切问题,低碳旅游近年来受到国内外学者的广泛关注.政府部门和旅游企业被公认为是低碳旅游发展的重要责任主体,文章选取这两个利益相关者,研究双方在低碳发展决策中的演化博弈,以期通过较为精确的数学模型验证政企互动下低碳旅游激励政策的有效性,并从动态的角度探讨这两个群体的演化稳定策略,剖析其发展路径与影响因素,为低碳监督策略提供一定的参考.研究结果显示:两个博弈主体的策略选择依赖于初始状态及其演化路径,地方政府和旅游企业只有基于长远利益进行决策才能获得更高的收益;可通过动态调节碳排放奖惩力度,降低旅游企业低碳转型成本,调整碳排放行业标准等措施引导地方政府与旅游企业共同促进低碳旅游发展的和谐均衡状况.     

中国旅游业“潮涌现象”的预警与预防

文章基于＂潮涌现象＂的一般机理,探讨旅游业＂潮涌现象＂发生的基本逻辑及特殊性,认为中国旅游业曾经发生过局部的投资＂潮涌＂,并通过对旅游供需形势的预判,对中国旅游业发生全面＂潮涌现象＂提出预警。旅游业＂潮涌现象＂的预防,以转变政府旅游职能为关键,以优化旅游发展基本模式为根本。     

迷失的优雅:广州白天鹅宾馆景观演变中的文化政治

以“优雅”著称的广州白天鹅宾馆作为中国改革开放的窗口,其标志性景观意义在时代变化中不断被建构与重塑.文章采用深度访谈和文本分析方法,分析时空演变过程中白天鹅宾馆的物质景观、景观的权力表征以及不同主体对景观意义的博弈,从而探讨其景观的社会文化与政治意义.研究发现白天鹅宾馆景观揭示了依附其上的经济、政治与社会文化权力关系,其景观意义的演变与权力主体不可分离,不同权力主体的博弈,导致其景观意义在流变中摇摆.研究丰富了政府与旅游企业动态关系的认识,同时引入政治经济的元素来延展景观阅读的理论,为旅游的相关研究提供了新的视角,也为转型期中国宏观社会变迁与微观景观意义流变的互动关系提供了可供参考的分析框架.     

新冠肺炎疫情对区域旅游发展影响及恢复发展应对策略研究——以云南省为例

新冠肺炎疫情爆发并迅速蔓延,对依赖以人的位移产生综合消费的旅游业的影响是巨大而且全方位的。以云南省为例,从宏观旅游经济运行、中观旅游业态发展、微观旅游企业发展及旅游资本市场四个层次,对新冠肺炎给区域旅游发展带来的影响进行分析与研判。在此基础上,提出区域旅游恢复发展的应对策略。     

论当代旅游发展理论的构建:理念、框架与要点

随着大众旅游初级阶段的到来,我国旅游业也相应进入了国家战略体系,加上旅游教育和人才培养层次的提升,基于中国学术立场和现实诉求的理论创新已是当务之急。在分析总结旅游发展阶段特征和当代旅游发展的核心价值取向的基础上,文章提出了当代旅游发展理论的核心观点:构建以旅游法为核心的国家意志体系,以旅游经济监测与预警为中心的宏观调控体系,以游客满意为导向的微观监管体系。     

编辑手记

国家旅游局在全年全国旅游工作会议上提出要通过加强旅游业与第一、第二、第三产业融合发展来培育战略性支柱产业,本期笔谈就＂产业融合与旅游＂展开了讨论。张辉等谈到旅游业产业融合的根本动力是旅游需求变化,旅游产业融合是以需求为导向的特点;张凌云研究了旅游产业融合的前提和基础;宋子千提出了旅游业应增强旅游产业融合的主动性;何建民对我国产业融合发展的形式、动因、路径、     

高职学院专业群建设与人才培养研究

人才培养方案是高校组织教学活动、完成教学任务的规范性文件。高职院校专业群建设与人才培养方案的制定应紧紧围绕地区旅游产业链,服务地区"以旅游业为主体、牵动一产、托举二产"的发展格局,促进专业群设置与地方旅游经济高度吻合。     

地方旅游发展中政府动员的动力机制与运行模式

通过文献梳理和实证研究,提出在地方旅游业发展模式研究中,相较政府主导,更科学的说法应该是政府“动员”,即政府以各种方式调动各方面力量,全方位发动、整合和协调旅游发展。旅游发展政府动员的动力机制,其客观因素是基于绩效考核的外来消费导入,而主观因素则是剧场效应带来的可视化政绩显示。在运作模式上,政府通过内部动员、对社会动员和对企业动员三种方式,推动地方旅游发展。研究认为,尽管政府动员模式存在诸多问题,但在中国地方旅游业发展中仍然具有一定的合理性。     

旅游业敏感性及危机管理的适当解读——冷静后的再研究与实证分析

虽然旅游学界对于旅游业的＂敏感性＂早有关注,但是对其进行专题讨论的论著依旧寥寥,近年来,突发事件给旅游业带来的冲击和影响引起了人们对此的更多关注。文章旨在结合旅游产业的实践,重点梳理国内外相关研究,讨论＂敏感性＂与＂脆弱性＂差异,旅游业危机的二层面三维度的衡量原则,以期促进对突发事件和危机管理认知的深化,从而揭示危机管理研究对旅游管理学与旅游市场营销学的推进作用。     

基于“手段—目的”链的旅游者满意因素分析——以辽宁赴台旅游者为例

随着大陆居民赴台旅游人数的日益增多,如何令赴台旅游者满意成为台湾旅游业发展中面临的新挑战。文章将＂手段—目的＂链模型引入旅游者满意因素的研究中,以辽宁访台旅游者为例,基于阶梯式访谈调查数据构建了辽宁赴台旅游者满意因素的判断矩阵和价值层次图,并聚类得出五大最具主导地位的＂手段—目的＂意义链。在此基础上,从价格策略、游览主题、产品设计和推广、旅游环境、基础设施和服务水平等角度提出了台湾在今后旅游产品深度开发方面的对策建议。     

Conference Reports

Governments at all levels have assumed greater responsibility for, and involvement in, tourism destination planning and development. In the post-Brundtland era local governments in particular have been under closer scrutiny for their role in driving the sustainable development agenda in tourism destination contexts. Yet, a notable research gap still exists despite the increased focus on local government, particularly in terms of empirical research investigating the roles and responsibilities of local government in addressing sustainable tourism development. Given this context, this paper explores the role of local government in facilitating, or indeed inhibiting, sustainable development objectives in a tourism destination context. To assess this issue, it uses in-depth interviews with local government representatives and key destination stakeholders from five local government areas in Queensland, Australia. It shows that local government had assumed responsibility for facilitating the sustainable tourism agenda, due to the absence of strong industry leadership and due to top-down directives from state and federal governments. However, power struggles, tokenistic public participation and the strong influence of the local government authority in local governance structures were found to be inhibitors to sustainable tourism development.     

Exploring the impacts of tourism on the livelihoods of local poor: the role of local government and major investors

This study identifies the impacts of tourism development on the living conditions of local poor and examines the role of local government and major investors in this process. A village in southern China was chosen as the research site. Because of tourism development, the villagers had all been relocated and initially, it was thought that their housing conditions had improved. Nevertheless, the relocated houses were later criticized as being small and of low quality. The traditional local means of livelihood also changed, from farming and fishing to mainly being employed in paid work. Yet, because of the high cost of living, the villagers' actual living standards had not greatly improved. This study claims that, since the municipal government took a developmental approach and investors followed market logic, the interests of the local poor were sacrificed to tourism development. This suggests that if tourism development is to reduce local levels of poverty, the interests of the local community should be front and center. Particularly in cases when tourism development tends to cause the transformation of local means of production, supportive initiatives and proper supervision and management strategies are needed in helping the poor adapt to new conditions.     

政府角色定位对旅游治理的影响——以广西阳朔遇龙河景区为例

政府角色如何定位对旅游地能否实现可持续发展具有重要影响。文章以阳朔遇龙河景区为例,探讨其旅游地发展历程中政府角色定位的演变,解读不同阶段治理失灵的原因。研究发现:在旅游探查期,社区自主发展,政府基本缺位;在旅游参与期,政府以“规划者”角色介入,并主导运营管理,治理角色不中立,导致治理权威受损;在旅游大发展前期,政府治理目标部分错位加上在资源欠缺、政策准备不充分的情况下急于强制干预,最终导致治理失灵;在旅游大发展期,政府的治理能力和治理资源跟不上旅游规模的扩张,缺乏长效监管机制,难以实现有效治理。     

Ethnic tourism development:: Chinese Government Perspectives

Ethnic tourism is often used by governments to facilitate development and to preserve heritage. This paper examines the relationship between government and tourism in Xishuangbanna, China. Different levels of government play key but different roles in development through regulation of production, consumption, and investment. Their policies and decisions tend to create tensions when they promote tourism as a regional development strategy as a result of contradictions in regulations, ethnic rights, and relationships with entrepreneurs. It is concluded that more nuanced government policies could mitigate many of the issues. Future tourism planning should provide greater control of tourism by local ethnic people, cultural preservation, and public participation in decision-making processes.     

Evolving roles for local government in tourism development: a political economy perspective

This paper interrogates the changing role of local government in tourism development. It does so through the examination of the Hurunui District, a rural district in New Zealand which has experienced significant transformation in the tourism sector and a concomitant increase in public sector input over the past 25 years. By situating this interrogation within an evolving neoliberal public policy context, this paper explores the tensions at play between tourism stakeholders and decision-makers, and it critiques the way in which local government involvement in the sector is manifested as regulation, promotion, and ownership of key tourism resources in the District. The significance of this paper is that it extends our understanding of the role of the state in tourism and of the influence of public policy on tourism development, potentially including sustainable tourism development. Specifically, it draws our attention to the rationality, roles and activities of public sector engagement in the tourism sector, particularly at local government level. We conclude that the nature and extent of debate evident in the case study, and verified in the literature, indicates that the boundary of government activity and intervention in the tourism market is, and will continue to be, socially contested and mediated.     

Collaboration between practitioners and public agencies in preserving and promoting musical heritage in Macao

This study attempts to explore the nature of collaborative relationship between the local government and performers of Cantonese opera in Macao by using in-depth interviews and field trips. Based on the results, a framework has been developed to demonstrate how the local government and performers joint forces to preserve and promote Cantonese opera through tourism. The framework also suggested an approach to balance the power relationship between key players by revealing how the local government and performers interchanged their roles in different areas of the project. The study empirically confirmed the importance of sharing common goals and having sufficient communication and coordination between key players for effective collaboration.     

Attaining harmony: understanding the relationship between ecotourism and protected areas in China

This paper explores the power of both traditional culture and modernity, their interaction, and ecotourism as defined and developed in China, and suggests a new framework for ecotourism policies. It argues that issues in ecotourism should reflect scientific and empirical evidence, but also integrate traditional Chinese cultural beliefs, and political and social factors, to achieve sustainability. The protected area system, central to ecotourism in China, was introduced by government to bring modernity and globalization. The management model follows western values, tending to separate humans from nature for conservation purposes, using institutionalized western zoning systems. This approach is inconsistent with millennia-old Chinese cultural values about relationships between nature and humans, centred around tian ren he yi – humans and nature as a unified entity. Instead of managing conflicts, attaining harmony (in a subjective experiential way) is the fundamental Chinese approach. The paper explores conflicts between the two value systems, and how Confucian “middle ways” are being crafted to balance the fast-growing special needs of Chinese eco-tourists with the top-down regulation of protected areas. It notes new developments in protected area tourism management in the West, and opportunities to blend Chinese traditional values about harmony with evolving western practice.     

Senior Tourism: The Sunrise Industry in the Sunset Crowd

With the advent of China’s aging society, the elderly have become an important force in tourism activities and tourism consumption. Senior tourism has gradually become the focus of social attention. In this context, the national government departments and some local governments have formulated a series of policies and standards related to senior tourism to promote the development of the senior tourism industry, which reflects the increasingly important role of senior tourism in the national economy development. The aim of this paper is to introduce the background of senior tourism policy formulation, the specific content of senior tourism policies and standards, and its impact on China’s tourism research and practice.     

Local government intervention in tourism-driven rural gentrification: Types and interpretative framework

Exploring the role that the local government plays in tourism-driven rural gentrification has the potential to make a contribution to rethinking the influence of power mobility on local development. Using 115 in-depth interviews and non-participant observation, this study examines the local government's changes in interventions in Pingnan county, Fujian province in China. It was found that the Pingnan County Government adopted deregulated, performative, and contractual interventions as strategies in three different spatio-temporal scenarios of tourism-driven rural gentrification; the underlying logic of tourism-driven rural gentrification is the vertical and horizontal mobility of power, which is directed by the internal mechanism of “political utility-power flexibility-risk control.” This study is expected to extend the applicability of rural gentrification theory to government-dominated contexts and provide practical insights for policymakers to intervene in an adaptive and periodic manner in local socio-economic affairs, including rural tourism development.