North–South Trade Liberalization and Economic Welfare

We consider a general equilibrium model of a developing economy (the South) that opens to trade with a developed economy (the North). The southern economy is characterized by open urban unemployment and rural–urban migration, a competitive agricultural sector and a monopolistically competitive manufacturing sector. Hence, there is potential for both inter‐ and intra‐industry trade to arise on liberalization, in addition to distortionary effects of duality. Southern comparative advantage in agriculture may arise from the labor market distortion and the basis for intra‐industry trade is love for variety. We characterize various configurations of the trade pattern, and the resulting welfare consequences of opening to trade in this context. We illustrate a new mechanism under which in some circumstances it may be possible for trade liberalization to lower economic welfare in the South.     

以农业环境技术产业化促进农业环境治理

农业环境污染威胁农业安全和食品安全。市场经济体制下,农业环境技术产业化是农业环境有效治理的基本路径。以市场方式实现技术转移和应用的优势在于,供给方在利益驱动和竞争压力下,能够不断的进行市场开拓和技术创新。一般性环境技术的产业化成效和发达国家农业环境技术的成功产业化为我国农业环境技术走产业化道路提供了经验借鉴。在论证农业环境技术产业化的可行性基础上,根据农业环境技术的类型,分析农业环境产业的主要类型;并根据农业环境技术不同类型的特点,分析不同农业环境产业的产业化动力和政策支持。     

Trade Liberalization in Agriculture in Developed Nations and Incidence of Child Labour in a Developing Economy

This paper is an attempt to analyse the consequence of trade liberalization in agriculture in the developed countries on the incidence of child labour in a developing economy in terms of a three‐sector general equilibrium model with informal sectors. Adult labour and child labour are substitutes for each other in the two informal sectors of the economy and are used together apart from capital in producing two exportable commodities. The interesting result that appears from the analysis is that agricultural trade liberalization in the developed countries may be effective in bringing down the incidence of child labour in the system. The paper substantiates the desirability of trade liberalization in agriculture in the developed nations from the perspective of the developing economies for reasons other than welfare improvement.     

The sequencing of reform policies in China's agricultural transition*

This paper provides evidence regarding gains due to agricultural market liberalization in China. We empirically identify the different effects that incentive and farm restructuring reforms and gradual market liberalization have on China's agricultural economy during its transition period. We find that average gains within the agricultural sector due to reforms that improved incentives and increased decision‐making authority of producers exceed gains due to market liberalization by a large margin. Our method of analyzing the effects of transition policies on economic performance can be generalized to other reform paths in other transition economies.     

二十一世纪的绿色植物产业展望

本文对现代农业在21世纪中演变成绿色植物产业的前景作了展望,指出了现代农业对经济和社会的可持续发展所作贡献和存在问题;综述了绿色植物产业的主要特征,表明它将更大规模、更有效地利用太阳能,是种植业、养殖业、农副产品加工业按生态学原理的有机组合,它将统筹兼顾社会效益、经济效益和生态环境效益。本文着重说明加强科技研究是发展绿色植物产业的关键,特别是要深化有关生命科学的研究和大力发展多种类型的农副产品加工技术。     

产业链视角下的西部地区特色农业发展研究——以陕西苹果为例

西部地区农业资源丰富,特色农业是西部特色经济发展的必由之路,但西部农业资源优势远没有形成经济优势。陕西苹果是西部特色农业之一,尽管具有一些显著优势,但在品种结构、采后处理、产业化水平、资金投入、标准化生产以及销售方式方面仍存在着不足。针对这些问题的对策建议主要包括:优化产业布局和品种结构;强化产后处理能力;加大科技、资金和管理投入;加大产品营销力度,塑造品牌形象,进一步提高陕西苹果的产业化经营水平。     

跳出"三农"思维定势,实现农业现代化

实现农业现代化，必须跳出“三农”思维定势，以全面建设农村小康目标统揽全局，以增加农民收入为核心，着力推进农业和农村经济结构的战略性调整，继续推进农业区域布局调整，大力发展农业关联产业，积极推进新的农业科技革命，加强农业服务体系建设，切实提高农产品的市场竞争力，加快农业经营体制创新步伐，使传统农业转变为现代市场农业。     

农业灾害经济:周期波动与综合治理

本文认为,农业是国民经济的基础,也是最易受各种自然灾害影响的脆弱产业。近30年来,农业灾害与粮食产量的关联发展,揭示了农业灾害经济具有周期波动性和显著的区域分异规律,灾害是影响我国粮食安全的重大因素。为此,应当将减轻农业灾害和保障农业生产者的风险收益作为国家解决"三农"问题的重要方面,加强对农业灾害的综合治理,通过调整农牧业生产的区域布局、强化工程减灾措施与技术减灾措施、在丰歉年之间平准粮价、建立农业政策保险等,达到减轻农业灾害损失并维护农业生产者利益的目的。     

提升河北省食品工业竞争力对策研究——基于显在竞争力的市场占有率评价

改革开放30年来,河北省食品工业得到长足发展的同时也面临着诸多问题,突出表现在食品工业显在竞争力不强。根源于河北农副产品加工业、食品制造业及饮料制造业的市场竞争力下降。提升河北省食品工业竞争力要着力于提高三大门类制造业的市场占有率,获取竞争优势,为此,应加大政府相关政策支持力度;加快技术创新,调整产业结构,提高产品附加值;壮大龙头企业,培育知名品牌;建立和完善食品安全监管体系。     

论农业发展和结构调整中的政府职能

在市场经济体制下,政府促进农业结构调整的依据和出发点是市场失灵。我国各级政府在农业结构调整中还存在运用计划经济手段的倾向。这背离了市场经济的内在要求,妨碍了市场经济作用,也不符合市场经济国家的通行做法。市场经济体制下,政府在农业结构调整中的职能主要应是为农业发展提供公共产品、运用各种政策等引导结构调整、为农产品开拓市场等。     

农村剩余劳动力转移特点的模型分析

农村剩余劳动力向非农产业的转移是伴随一个国家工业深化、产业结构演变升级过程的必然现象。在中国由计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济转轨的过程中,除市场体制建设的滞后、市场机制尚不健全及社会保障不完善等客观因素外,现实仍存在着计划．经济时期遗留下来的人为干扰。要顺利转移农村剩余劳动力,必须实施综合性配套改革,逐步消除制约农民工就业有序流动和建立城乡统一的劳动市场的制度性障碍。     

试论调整农业结构与构建区域特色农业

本文从阐述世纪之交农业结构调整的背景入手,分析调整农业结构与构建区域特色农业的关系,进而就构建区域特色农业问题提出若干理论思考和实证探讨。     

The role of capital accumulation in the industrialization of a labor surplus economy: A formulation of the Fei–Ranis model

The process of the reallocation of labor from agriculture to industry, outlined by Fei and Ranis, is examined by formulating a disequilibrium adjustment model of a dual economy. The main result of the analysis shows that capital accumulation and technological progress in industry can play a role in extracting labor from agriculture, dependent on whether or not the price elasticity of the demand for food is zero. This result is interpreted as whether capital accumulation and technological progress in industry contribute to the creation of a growing agricultural surplus, which Jorgenson advocated as the condition for economic development.     

Rice market integration in the Mekong River Delta1

In the last decades Vietnam has become a major supplier in the world's rice market. This position is the result of the policy reforms that have been implemented in the agricultural sector. This paper assesses the impact of the liberalization policies and focuses on the spatial price differences in the domestic rice market. The results show that price patterns correlate strongly in the Mekong River Delta. Even prices in other regions are integrated with price patterns in the South. Interestingly, private traders in the Mekong Delta are only indirectly responsible for the latter result. They satisfy local demand and deal with state‐owned enterprises (SOEs). In the framework of the national food security policy, the state‐owned food companies ‘subsidize’ transactions between the South and the North. Moreover, the state‐owned food companies still dominate export transactions. The latter issues constitute two major queries for policy makers involved in the liberalization of the rice market, as further policy measures should not jeopardize the interests of domestic rice consumers.     

山东省农业经济空间布局——基于探索性空间数据的实证分析

采用探索性空间分析方法,以县域为空间单元,刻画了1999年、2007年和2010年山东省农业总产出及五大类主要农产品产出的空间分布模式,并对山东省农业产出的空间相关性进行了测定。研究结果显示:山东省农业总产出的空间分布基本呈"核心-边缘"模式,空间相关性和区域布局具有一定的稳定性;粮食、棉花和油料作物的生产在空间上具有明显的集聚特征和经济外溢性,肉类生产的上述效应相对较弱。最后提出:在开放经济及市场经济的背景下,制定考虑空间影响的农业政策,才能真正合理引导各区域农业协调生产,最终促进农业综合生产能力的提升。     

我国典型农业地域农业发展模式研究

本文论述了农业地域的的概念和特征,运用定量方法划分出我国的典型农业地域,并分析了我国典型农业地域农业发展的基础和限制因素,在此基础上提出,实行农业产业化,实现工业和农业的共同开发是我国典型农业地域农业发展的理想模式,并重点论述了农业产业化的涵义,组织形式的选择和政策建议,。     

农业外部支撑体系建设研究——以云南省陆良县为例

要在市场经济不断深化的过程中,稳住农业这一基础,必须逐步构建起一套功能健全的农业外部支撑体系。农业外部支撑体系包括:农业生产资料的生产及配置、农业科学技术的保证及推广、农业生产植保及环境监测、农业自然灾害预防、农产品的贮运及销售、农产品的加工、农业信息服务系统、农业社会保障系统等子系统。文章以云南省陆良县为例,对农业外部支撑体系的构建进行探讨。     

The Impact of Sector-Specific and Economy-Wide Policy Reforms on the Agricultural Sector in Brazil: 1980–98

This article analyzes the impact of policy reforms and changing macroeconomic conditions on the Brazilian agricultural sector. It stresses four issues: events outside of agriculture were central to the performance of the sector and to the timing and sequence of policy reform; reform involved far more than trade liberalization; the impact of reform on input markets and productivity was key for understanding the period; and policy reform had a highly differentiated impact on the sector. As a result of the reforms, agriculture became the most dynamic sector of the Brazilian economy in the 1990s. Policies still in need of reform are identified. (JEL O13 , Q18 )     

新自由主义与资本主义粮食危机

2011年初联合国粮农组织再次发出警告：2010年的粮食价格指数将再创新高,世界可能面临新一轮的全球性粮食危机。关于此次粮食危机爆发的原因,多数学者认为,是世界粮食供求的结构性矛盾引发了粮食危机,而本文认为,粮食危机的根本原因是垄断资本通过积极推动农业领域自由化所造成的全球农业格局的变迁,供求矛盾不过是全球农业格局变迁这一生产关系运动的外在表现。