A System Comparison Approach to Distinguish Two Nonseparable and Nonnested Agricultural Household Models

This study distinguishes two nonseparable agricultural household models for a self-employed farm household. One assumes heterogeneity of farm and nonfarm labor and a competitive market for nonfarm labor. The other assumes homogeneity of the two types of labor and a restricted market for nonfarm labor. We compare demand systems that are derived from them, which have different dependent variables and different numbers of equations. We apply a Cox-type test to compare these complicated nonnested systems. Results show clearly that the former is better for Japanese rice-farming households. Comparison of price elasticities for those models verifies the importance of that test.     

如何有效提高家庭农场的全要素生产率 ——基于上海市松江区家庭农场数据的实证分析

研究目的：基于上海松江区家庭农场的调查数据计算家庭农场的全要素生产率,离析出影响家庭农场全要素生产率的关键因素,据以提出有针对性的措施。研究方法：Global Malmquist和混合Tobit模型。研究结果：（1）2007—2017年,全部家庭农场全要素生产率指数为1.077 3,其中,纯效率变化指数为0.998 4、技术变化指数为1.075 0、规模效率变化指数为1.007 2;纯粮食种植型家庭农场全要素生产率指数为1.061 9,纯效率变化指数为0.989 6,技术变化指数为1.071 9,规模效率变化指数为1.004 6;其他类型家庭农场全要素生产率指数为1.081 7,其中,纯效率变化指数、技术变化指数和规模效率变化指数分别为1.027 9、1.049 0和1.014 0。（2）总体水平上,农场主是否有农业从业经历、是否有农机驾驶证、土地经营权合同年限、是否购买农机作业正向影响全部家庭农场的全要素生产率,但不同类型家庭农场全要素生产率的影响因素存在差异。研究结论：虽然松江家庭农场全要素生产率增长速度较快,但仍然存在一定的提升空间。为此,需要提高家庭农场劳动力素质,切实保障好家...     

基于GIS的典型白浆土区八五三农场耕地地力的定量评价

以黑龙江省典型白浆土区的853农场为例,采集农田耕层(0～20cm)样品1695个,以土地利用现状图的耕地图斑为评价单元,选取10个指标,利用特尔菲法和层次分析法,结合GIS技术,对853农场耕地地力进行了定量化的分析和评价.评价结果表明八五三农场耕地地力整体水平为:三级地占总耕地面积的35.47％,其次为二级和四级,分别占27.53％和20.86％,比例最小的是一级和五级地,分别占6.83％和9.30％.分级结果较好的体现了地区特点,同时明确了不同等级耕地的面积、空间分布格局,为探讨制定科学的培肥政策、提高作物产量和土壤基础地力,保护生态环境提供了定量化的分析依据.     

Dynamics and resource use efficiency of agricultural land sales and rental market in India

In a populous developing country such as India, developmental interventions are often woven around land, as this is the most critical resource in the livelihood support system of rural communities. In such a socio-economic environment, land has multiple uses. It is the most important source of income, a symbol of social status and prestige, and has very high collateral value for resource poor farm families. In these countries, the migration of rural workers to urban centers in search of employment, coupled with universal individual inheritance characteristics of land ownership, perpetuates the fragmentation of land holdings. In the majority of such cases, the point has been reached where land has become uneconomic and non-viable for cultivation. For farmers left with uneconomic land holdings there are only three options available; sell the land, rent it out, or lease land from others. In such scenarios land lease and land market policies assumes critical importance.     

新农地制度下的土地产权安全性对土地租赁市场发育的影响

研究目的:检验新农地制度下的土地产权安全性对土地租赁市场发育的影响及农户参与土地租赁市场和非农就业市场间的联立性。研究方法:计量经济模型。研究结果:(1)农户租入土地决策与参与非农就业市场间存在联立性,提高土地产权的安全性能够显著激励农户租入土地的积极性;(2)农户租出土地决策与参与非农就业市场间并不存在明显的联立性,提高土地产权的安全性对土地租出决策具有微弱的激励作用。研究结论:新农地制度下的土地产权不安全性成为制约土地租赁市场发育的重要产权因素,土地的社会保障功能放大了农地产权不安全性对土地租赁市场发育带来的负面影响。     

农村土地流转的再审视——以农村人多地少的基本矛盾为视角

研究目的:对农村土地法律制度缺陷和中国农村土地是否可以大规模流转进行研究。研究方法:综述文献资料进行综合分析。研究结果:现有农村土地法律制度缺陷的相关研究,无益于中国农村人多地少主要矛盾的根本解决。以提高劳动生产率为目标的农村土地产权和流转改革,会产生大量的农村剩余劳动力,加剧农村矛盾和激活社会动荡。研究结论:基本保持现有农村土地制度,慎谈农村土地的大规模流转。     

杭州、绍兴农户劳动力流动与农户土地利用群体类型的Crosstabs分析

研究目的：根据农户转出劳动力就业形式、流动规模和农户土地利用方式分别进行农户群体类型划分,探讨农户劳动力流动和土地利用的相互关系,以期为制定农村地区发展政策提供基础研究支持。研究方法：针对杭州、绍兴农户劳动力流动的情况,选择了7个村159户农民进行实地调查,在调查的基础上,对调查数据进行统计分析。研究结果：（1）调研地区农户群体类型分划基本清晰,主要为打工主导型和转出滞留型,占调研总数的50.94%、30.80%;（2）45.68%的打工主导型农户和22.45%的转出滞留型农户将土地全部转出用于农业用途,户均转出面积分别为0.12 hm2、0.14 hm2,而32.65%的转出滞留型农户则将全部土地用于耕种粮食作物,户均种植面积为0.13 hm2;（3）各类型农户目前主要为解决家庭消费用粮而耕种土地,64.20%的农户打算今后几年继续上年的土地经营状况,有扩张经营规模的农户比例相对较低。研究结论：根据不同农户群体类型的特点制定对应性实施政策,合理引导永久迁移主导型农户家庭向城镇地区转移,关注劳动力滞留型农户的土地耕种意愿,对其他4类农户群体则制定适宜的劳动力转移和土地利用保障政策。     

A Comparison of the Economic Well-Being of Farm and Nonfarm Households

This study compares the economic well-being of farm and nonfarm households using data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey and the Survey of Consumer Finances. Comparisons are made in terms of income and wealth using parametric and nonparametric tests, regression analyses, and inequality measures. The results show that the economic well-being of households differs based on their degree of involvement in business activities and their life-cycle stages. The main conclusion is that the income of rural residence and intermediate farms is comparable to that of wage-earning nonfarm households, while commercial farms are similar in well-being to nonfarm households with businesses.     

Modeling Farm Households' Price Responses in the Presence of Transaction Costs and Heterogeneity in Labor Markets

We develop a farm household model to analyze price responses of farm households. This model incorporates various types of transaction costs as well as labor heterogeneity. Nonproportional variable transaction costs or labor heterogeneity imply that production and consumption decisions become nonseparable, even when the household buys or sells labor. An empirical model is estimated using data from Midwest Poland. The results show that nonproportional variable transaction costs and labor heterogeneity significantly influence household behavior. Not all price elasticities, however, change significantly if these are neglected.     

Land tenure and rental in Western Sudan

This paper reports on aspects of land tenure in western Sudan, especially the nature of tenure insecurity and the functioning of the land rental market. The active land rental market accounted for about one-third of cultivated land. Patterns of land rental transactions, and tests of the importance of insecurity in renting land, where the owner may not be able to reclaim land rented out, do not support the presumption that rental markets perform poorly. The role of the sheikh as administrator of village land, and the claims of large landowners to vast tracts, are, however, important political problems that must be resolved before attempts at ‘rationalizing’ land tenure.     

耕地细碎化对农户劳动生产率影响的空间计量分析

[目的]耕地细碎化是制约现代农业发展的重要因素之一,探讨耕地细碎化与农户劳动生产率的空间关系,为小农经济与现代农业协调发展提供借鉴。[方法]文章以湖北省江夏区等4区县为研究区域,基于农户调查数据首先运用空间自相关模型判断农户劳动生产率在地理空间上是否存在空间集聚,而后运用空间滞后模型(SLM)和空间误差模型(SEM)从乡镇层面上计量分析耕地细碎化对农户劳动生产率的影响。[结果](1)农户劳动生产率在地理空间上具有显著的正向空间溢出效应;(2)耕地细碎化与农户劳动生产率呈显著的空间负相关关系;(3)农户特征及耕地生产环境特征对农户劳动生产率具有显著的影响,具体表现为:农业劳动力平均年龄和非农收入比重均与农户劳动生产率呈显著的空间负相关关系,而农机服务率、耕地规模及耕地质量均与农户劳动生产率呈显著的空间正相关关系。[结论]应因地分类治理耕地细碎化,加强农户间的信息交流平台建设,促进耕地资源向有长期稳定务农意愿的种植大户流转,加强农业生产社会化服务体系建设,进而提高农户劳动生产率。     

中国农户土地租佃行为实证研究

本文利用福建省和黑龙江省的农户调查样本数据，通过建立土地租佃行为的经济计量模型，从微观层面定量分析了影响农户土地租佃行为的各种因素。计量结果表明，农户土地租佃行为受到户主年龄、户主是否接受过专业技术培训、家庭劳动力人数、人均纯收入、非农收入比重、农户是否饲养役畜、交易成本等多方面因素的影响，并随着这些因素的变化而不断变化。     

基于条件过程分析的农村劳动力外流对耕地撂荒 影响机制研究

研究目的：探求农村劳动力外流背景下耕地撂荒的影响机制,以期为耕地撂荒破解之道提供参考。研究方法：条件过程分析和结构方程模型。研究结果：（1）劳动力外出务工确会减少留守农业劳动力投入进而促进耕地撂荒;（2）纯务工劳动力既会直接影响耕地撂荒,也会通过影响留守农业劳动力的投入进而影响耕地撂荒,而兼业劳动力只有间接影响;（3）农户非农收入削弱了劳动力外出务工（尤其是兼业劳动力）对留守农业劳动力的负向影响进而减少耕地撂荒;（4）农业机械化提高是把“双刃剑”,既增强劳动力外出务工与留守农业劳动力投入的负相关关系,也减弱留守农业劳动力投入与耕地撂荒之间的负相关关系;（5）当且仅当农地流转市场发育度高时,无论非农收入和机械化水平高低,劳动力外流对耕地撂荒的影响将不再显著。研究结论：应着力增强留守农业劳动力对农业生产的投入,提高农业生产效率以激发留守农业劳动力农耕的内生动力;同时,对于不同非农收入和机械化水平的农村地区,应采取针对性的政策措施并推行制度创新,并配套在全国范围内促进农地流转市场的完善,减少耕地撂荒。     

Unravelling the dynamics of access to farmland in Tigray,Ethiopia: The ‘emerging land market’ revisited

This article uses ethnographic evidence from Tigray to revisit the debate on informal rural land markets in present-day Ethiopia. It explores informal farmland rental from a historico-anthropological, micro-analytical perspective in relation to the formal allocation of land use rights and to other informal land transfer practices. It shows how different rationales for land rental give rise to different socially embedded tenancy configurations. On the basis of this empirical evidence, the paper questions the appropriateness of the common idea that in Ethiopia ‘the land rental market is expanding’. It argues that research and policy thinking on land in Ethiopia could gain analytical power and relevance by adopting a less monolithic and abstract view on people's informal land transfer practices.