宏观审慎：概念、国际实践和启示

此轮国际金融危机的爆发和蔓延,暴露出仅关注单个机构稳健经营的微观审慎监管框架的不足。认真吸取金融危机的教训,强化宏观审慎管理已成为国际社会的共识。要完善宏观审慎分析方法,加强对系统性风险的监测;加强金融监管和协调,实现宏观审慎与微观审慎的互补;建立逆周期调节机制,缓解顺周期性对金融稳定的影响;加快建立存款保险制度,进一步健全金融安全网;积极参与国际金融合作,增强联合应对危机的能力。     

隐步推进巴塞尔协议在中国银行业的实施

2004年巴塞尔新资本协议（BaselⅡ）公布以来,得到了全球的广泛认可,包括中国在内的各国主要商业银行纷纷推进了新资本协议的实施。然而,此次席卷全球的金融危机使各国监管机构认识到,BaselⅡ虽然形成了一套比较全面、合理的资本监管框架,但也并非完美无缺。为吸取本轮危机的教训,巴塞尔委员会对现行的资本监管和流动性监管进行了大刀阔斧式的改革。     

国际银行监管改革:突破、影响与中国应对前瞻

吸取全球金融危机的教训和经验,中国已正式将构建逆周期的金融宏观审慎管理制度框架写入十二五规划。本文对金融危机后巴塞尔委员会主导推出的国际银行监管改革的背景、主要创新和突破进行介绍,结合我国银行业的发展状况和特点,分析巴塞尔委员会提高资本和流动性监管标准的意见对国际银行业监管思想的影响及对我国银行监管的挑战,最后提出我国银行业在后危机时代应对国际银行业监管变化的对策和建议。     

美国金融监管改革法案的新特征及其可能影响分析

在次贷危机爆发近两年后,奥巴马政府于今年6月中旬发布了名为<金融监管改革--新基础:重建金融临管>的金融监管改革计划白皮书.这份长达88贞的金融监管改革法案被认为是自上世纪30年代大萧条以来最大规模的金融监管改革,法案涉及对金融机构的监管、对金融市场的监管、对消费者与投资者的保护、创造政府管理危机的新工具以及加强国际金融监管合作等五个方而,旨在吸取次贷危机的教训,建立一个更加稳定、有效和富有弹性的监管机制.……     

欧洲央行宏观审慎监管框架及其最新发展探究

近年来,欧洲央行吸取了欧债危机的教训,大力开展宏观审慎监管,重视系统性风险的监测与防范,取得了一定成效。本文全面研究了欧洲央行宏观审慎监管框架,包括目标、组织架构、政策工具、运行机制等,重点分析了近年来系统性风险指标的最新应用,并探讨了这些指标的不足之处。     

危机前后美国金融衍生品监管立法演变及对我国的启示

次贷危机前美国对场外金融衍生品交易基本上不予监管,危机发生后,美国进行了立法改革,消除了监管机构的重叠,对场外交易建立了相应的交易制度和监管标准,加大了对金融消费者的保护力度.中美金融衍生品发展水平存在很大的差距,我国应当吸取美国在危机前后的教训和监管经验,完善我国的金融衍生品监管.     

宏观审慎监管政策框架及央行作用

由美国次贷危机引发的国际金融危机对全世界形成了巨大冲击,吸取金融危机的教训、维护金融体系的稳定,迫切需要加强和完善宏观审慎监管。本文重点介绍了压力测试、逆经济周期波动的政策措施、防范金融跨市场跨领域发展潜藏的系统性风险等三种宏观审慎监管的方法和手段．并对央行在宏观审慎监管中应起的作用做了阐述。     

系统性风险新认识与我国宏观审慎监管探索

国际金融危机爆发后,宏观审慎监管的必要性及方式成为国内外关注的焦点。但目前国内对宏观审慎监管和微观审慎监管的认识还存在一定不足,存在割裂的倾向。通过对系统性风险和宏观审慎监管相关文献的回顾分析,本文指出宏观审慎监管与微观审慎监管的目标是一致的,并不存在单体风险与整体风险的差别,均在于防范系统性风险,二者的差别仅在于审慎监管的角度、方法有所不同。在后危机时代,我国金融监管改革应充分吸取西方国家教训,加强从宏观审慎角度对系统性风险的分析与评估,构建全面的金融业宏、微观审慎监管机制。     

银行业消费者保护的监管制度建设

2008年发生的国际金融危机对世界经济产生了深刻影响。各国监管当局在反思中发现,金融消费者保护理念的缺失以及对金融消费者保护不力是引发本轮危机的重要原因之一。英国、美国、欧盟、日本、新加坡、香港等吸取危机教训,对金融立法和监管进行一系列改革,强化金融消费者保护,提升金融消费者信心。俄罗斯等国家也相继出台加强金融消费者教育的重大举措,进一步加大金融消费者保     

市场动态（2009年2月-3月）——海外市场

巴塞尔委员会完善新资本协议。为吸取国际金融危机教训,巴塞尔银行监管委员对其制定的新资本协议进行了修改,修改后的文件特别完善了对再证券化风险暴露的处理。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.     

Dutch accounting in Japan 1609-1850: isolation or observation?

The trading station or factory maintained by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was Japan's sole window on the Western world during most of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). While many aspects of the factory's role in Dutch/Japanese cultural exchange have been researched little is known in the West of the accounting at the factory. This paper considers the possibility that double-entry bookkeeping employed by the Dutch may have been diffused to the Japanese. The available evidence is synthesized after considering the accounting system in the Dutch factory.