农户投资非农户化过程中资金对技术的制约

随着市场经济的发展,农户家庭经营逐渐多元化,农民在产业间比较优势的对比下,逐渐由单一地经营纯农业到兼营农业、兼营非农业、纯非农业.这种非农化的经营模式在逐渐地发展,最终的结果是农民收入的大幅度提高,促进了非农化进程的加快,而这种投资非农化进程的加快又会大大增加农民资金投入的增加.从二者相互促进的关系中以资金投入对农户投资非农化的重要作用为出发点,展开论述,为促进农户投资非农化提供依据.     

农业循环经济发展中农户行为的激励机制探讨

农业循环经济是适合农村经济发展的全新模式,也是实践科学发展观、建设社会主义新农村的有效途径。本文以建设社会主义新农村思想为指导,应用激励理论对农业循环经济发展中激励机制的特点进行分析,从政府激励、技术激励和文化激励三个方面探讨农业循环经济发展中农户行为的激励机制构建,以期更好地促进社会主义新农村建设。     

Women's Intrahousehold Decision-Making Power and Their Health Status: Evidence from Rural Ethiopia

ABSTRACT

This study examines how various determinants of women's decision-making power affect their health status in rural Ethiopia. It identifies the determinants of women's decision-making power using a qualitative survey conducted over 2008–9, and it investigates their effects on women's health status using the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey panel dataset for the period 1994–2004. The study finds that women's health status is positively associated with their education, the number of brothers they have, whether they live in their birthplace, and whether their age is close to that of their husband. In contrast, women's health is negatively associated with whether they are in a marriage of their choice compared to an arranged marriage. The study concludes that multiple factors originating from context-specific gender norms affect women's decision-making power and have differential effects on women's health outcomes.     

河北省农户储蓄与借贷需求分析

河北省农户金融活动除具有普通农户金融活动的特征外,还具有现金流量不稳定、资金用途难以区分、收入不平衡等特征。因此,需要构建新型农村金融体系,进行农村金融制度创新,为社会主义新农村建设提供资金支持。     

公司领办的合作社中公司与农户的关系研究

对于以龙头企业为代表的公司与农户的关系,学术界存在着争议,一种观点认为,龙头企业与农户之间本质上是一种对立的买卖关系;另一种观点认为,公司与农户可以通过紧密的利益纽带联结起来.这些观点都是从静态的角度来讨论公司与农户的关系,实际上,公司与农户的关系是不断变化的,在合作社内自始至终存在着两种力量:合作与竞争.哪一种力量占据主导地位取决于合作社内公司与农户的谈判力量.     

Gender Analysis of the Policy Responses to High Oil Prices: A Case Study of South Africa

ABSTRACT

The 2007–8 surge in oil prices has created concern about its impacts on poor and vulnerable populations in developing countries. Government management of the energy crisis was shown to be important in reducing adverse impacts. This study uses an applied general equilibrium framework to examine alternative policy and external shocks with the recent surge in oil prices in South Africa through a gender lens. Simulation results show that although the 2007–8 energy crisis contributed to slowing down South African gross domestic product (GDP) growth and reducing employment and earnings, the distributional impact between men and women has been neutral. This neutrality is driven by an increase in capital inflows, which has mitigated the exchange rate depreciation owing to the oil price hike. Without an increase in capital inflows, the crisis would have significantly depreciated the exchange rate and contributed to decreasing women's market opportunities and increasing women's workload as compared to men.     

中国西部农户沼气系统使用情况分析与对策研究

本文通过对我国西部四川、陕西和内蒙古三个地区173个沼气用户和48个无沼气户的调查数据分析,揭示沼气在西部农户生活生产中发挥的重要作用,同时分析研究了这三个地区农户沼气系统建设和使用中存在的问题.提出了在我国西部地区推广沼气系统的对策及政策建议.     

Rural credit and the time allocation of agricultural households: The case of PRONAF in Brazil

This paper evaluates the impact of Brazil's National Program to Strengthen Family Farming (PRONAF) on the time allocation of household members. We use data from the 2014 Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios, and we apply propensity score methods to complex surveys recently recommended in the literature. We find that PRONAF helps to increase focus on agricultural activities, but it also stimulates female partners to engage in unpaid work. The results show significant effects of PRONAF on child labor and on the gender‐specific division of labor within households, although it does not have the usual adverse effects of rural credit programs on school attendance.     

贫困地区农户大病风险及其处理策略研究(一)

疾病尤其是大病对农户生计往往产生重大影响.农户家庭成员一旦患大病,不仅产生巨额的医疗费用支出,而且劳动时间损失可能引起收入下降.农户是风险规避者,在疾病发生前农户可能利用各种资源形成预防和缓解疾病风险的策略.本文基于湖北两个贫困县的大样本农户调查数据,估算贫困地区农户大病风险,探讨农户回避风险的策略类型及其有效性.大病农户的经济风险大,农户预防大病风险意识不强,收入多样化和参加医疗保险起到了一定的分散和转移大病风险的作用.     

Child Schooling and Work Decisions in India: The Role of Household and Regional Gender Equity

Abstract

This paper tests three hypotheses about how mothers' autonomy in India affects their children's participation in school and the labor market. To do so it extends the concept of mothers' autonomy beyond the household to include the constraints imposed by the extent of gender equity in the regions in which these women live. This study began with the expectation that increased autonomy for Indian mothers living in heterosexual households would increase child schooling and decrease child work. However, the results are mixed, indicating that mother's autonomy can be reinforced or constrained by the environment. The paper concludes that mothers and fathers in India make different decisions for girls vis-à-vis boys and that the variables reflecting mothers' autonomy vary in their impact, so that mothers' level of education relative to fathers' is not often statistically significant, while mothers' increased contributions to household expenditure decrease the probability of schooling and girls' work.     

我国蔬菜种植户放弃种菜意愿及其影响因素分析——基于北方五省市的调研

保障蔬菜供应是我国蔬菜产业发展的基本目标之一,农户蔬菜种植行为对蔬菜产业的可持续发展具有重要意义. 采用我国北方设施蔬菜主产区的北京、天津、河北、辽宁和山东5个省市1171个蔬菜种植户的调研数据,在对种植户行为进行理论分析和描述性统计分析的基础上,通过运用Logistic模型,对农户蔬菜种植行为及其影响因素进行测度分析. 研究结果表明,在近三成有放弃蔬菜种植意愿的农户中,蔬菜种植面积占家庭耕地面积的比例、蔬菜生产中有贷款需求但得不到满足、农户对技术有需求但得不到满足、2011年蔬菜生产中遭受自然灾害以及村中有蔬菜专业合作社等因素对农户放弃蔬菜生产意愿有正向影响;农户家庭收入和从事蔬菜生产的年限对农户放弃蔬菜生产意愿有负向影响.     

Gender Norms and the Gendered Distribution of Total Work in Latin American Households

This study uses time-use survey data for Mexico, Peru, and Ecuador (from 2009, 2010, and 2012, respectively) to analyze differences between countries in terms of the gendered distribution of total work, which includes both paid and unpaid work. It explores whether the variations in the total time worked by women and men, and, particularly, the gender gap unfavorable to women, can be explained by substantive national differences in gendered social norms. Using data from the World Values Survey (WVS; 2010–14), this study computes a gender norms index to measure cross-country differences in gender norms. It finds that more egalitarian countries exhibit higher levels of equality in the gendered distribution of total work.     

经济刺激计划与农村消费启动——基于我国农村居民收入分解的实证分析

文章在对我国农村居民收入构成进行分解的基础上,利用协整等计量工具时影响我国农村居民消费的各种因素进行了量化分析,并由此对照我国政府为应对世界经济危机而出台的一揽子经济刺激计划,分析经济刺激计划中各项具体政策措施在促进农村消费方面的作用.实证分析和政策分析的结果表明:(1)当前对农村居民消费具有显著影响的因素主要是农村居民经营性收入、工资性收入及国家财政农村救济费支出;(2)已出台的经济刺激计划,既有消费价格补贴等短期措施,也有旨在提高农村居民收入、完善农村社会保障、优化农村消费环境的长期性政策,时于促进农村消费具有很强的针对性;(3)未来促进农村居民消费仍需继续着眼于各种长期性政策.国家在加大财政支农力度时,应注重提高农林水事业费以外的支农支出比重;(4)县域经济是启动农村消费的关键.未来的政策着力点可以考虑将启动农村消费与发展县域经济、推动城乡一体化发展相结合.     

When a Good Business Model is Not Enough: Land Transactions and Gendered Livelihood Prospects in Rural Ghana

Recent large-scale commercial agriculture projects in developing countries have raised concerns about the effects on natural resource-based livelihood activities of local people. A significant weakness in the emerging literature is the lack of a gender perspective on implications for agrarian livelihoods. This article explores the gendered aspects of land transactions on livelihood prospects in the Northern Region of Ghana. Drawing on qualitative research from two commercial agriculture projects, the article examines how pre-existing gender inequalities in agrarian production systems, as well as gender biases in project design, are implicated in post-project livelihood activities. The article concludes that a good business model of a land deal, even one that includes local communities in production and profit sharing, is not sufficient to protect women's livelihood prospects if projects ignore pre-existing gender inequalities and biases, which limit access to opportunities.     

中国西部地区农户收入增长影响因素及其关系——以云南省为例

为获得影响当前农民收入的主要影响因素,对云南省4200家农户进行了调查,根据所获得的3432份有效问卷数据,结合统计年鉴相关数据和云南省人口普查数据,采用多元统计方法,对影响农民收入的主要因素进行了分析。研究表明:对农民人均纯收入影响最大的是其他乡村从业人员比例,其次是乡村从业人员占农村人口的比例,再次是6岁以上人口受教育年限和农业人口比例。最后,根据调查结果提出相关的政策建议。     

我国县域农户家庭劳动力利用的实证分析——以山东省梁山县为例

本文对我国县域农户家庭劳动力利用的情况进行了分析,并对劳动力利用的影响因素进行了模型估计。研究结果表明:当前我国农村还存在20%～30%的富余劳动力需要转移;农户在进行家庭内部分工时基于家庭效益最大化考虑;农户家庭收入来源和镇域经济发展对县域农户家庭劳动力利用有显著影响,不同的家庭劳动力特征对农户家庭就业决策的影响存在一定差异,政策性补贴对农户家庭就业决策的影响不大。在此基础上,本文提出若干政策建议。     

Gender Patterns and Value of Unpaid Care Work: Findings From China's First Large‐Scale Time Use Survey

Using data from the 2008 China Time Use Survey, this paper examines the gender patterns of time allocation over paid work, unpaid care work, and non‐work activity and estimates the monetary value of unpaid care work. A seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) technique is applied to explore the tradeoff between the three types of activity. The estimates show that, holding constant individual characteristics and regional effects, the total work time of women is higher than that of men by 7 hours per week in the rural sector and by 10.5 hours per week in the urban sector. The monetary value of unpaid care work is estimated by five methods. Depending on the method used, the value assigned to unpaid care work varies from 25 to 32 percent of China's GDP, from 52 to 66 percent of final consumption, and from 63 to 80 percent of the gross products of tertiary industry.     

Gender Differences in Time Use over the Life Course in France,Italy, Sweden,and the US

Abstract

This contribution analyzes how men and women in France, Italy, Sweden, and the United States use their time over the life cycle and the extent to which societal and institutional contexts influence the gender division of labor. In order to test the hypothesis that contextual factors play a crucial role in shaping time allocation, this study considers countries that diverge considerably in terms of welfare state regime, employment and paid working time systems, family policies, and social norms. Using national time-use surveys for the late 1990s and early 2000s and regression techniques, the study not only finds large gender discrepancies in time use in each country at all stages of life but also determines that institutional contexts, in particular the design of family policies and employment regimes, do shape gender roles in different ways, and that Sweden displays the lowest gender gap in time allocation across the life course.     

Peace in the Household: Gender,Agency, and Villagers' Measures of Marital Quality in Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

Although development studies have emphasized quality of life, the quality of marriage remains uninvestigated. This study challenges the bargaining model by arguing that theories of marital quality, derived from women's voices and subaltern knowledge, should be integral to feminist economic theories of marriage and intrahousehold gender relations. Findings from a longitudinal (1999–2009) ethnographic study of microcredit loanee families in rural Bangladesh reveal that Muslim women believe high marital quality or togetherness leads to peace in the household. This local model of marriage is central to the moral economy of social life. The study identifies eight local measures of marital quality that define what low-income women think a good Muslim husband should be like. The study concludes that the peace-in-the-household model emphasizes the transformation of masculinity as a program strategy that should be implemented in microcredit households in various parts of the world.     

中国农户融资制度：研究现状、历史变迁与供求非均衡

国内学者关于中国农户融资制度的研究内容和研究成果都比较丰富，但系统研究和动态研究略显欠缺，将制度供求理论引入研究的文献很少。结合中国农户融资制度的变迁及制度变迁理论来看，中国农户融资制度变迁的实质是城市利益导向的金融抑制与金融约束并存的政府管制与操纵，这是导致农户正式融资制度供给不足与过剩并存的、非均衡的政策背景，在这种背景下，制度的设计必然与农户的实际需求背离。