Constructing Social Citizenship: The Exclusion of African American Women from Unemployment Insurance in the US

Theories of dual social citizenship in the US welfare state postulate that two tiers of citizenship rights are defined by the state, with first-class citizenship status offered to some individuals (historically, white male industrial workers) and second-class rights to others. Unemployment insurance (UI), as an employment-based right, is often characterized as a first-tier right. However, this examination of the original UI law shows that many levels of stratification were incorporated within this one program. Workers of color were excluded from UI benefits under the agricultural exemption, and the exclusion of private domestic workers barred an additional three-fifths of African American women from receiving UI benefits. The UI system built on existing stratification in the labor market to restrict this new right of social citizenship, as policy-makers re-examined and reified overlapping hierarchies of race, gender, and class advantage.     

美国兼并指导准则的演变及其对我国的启示

伴随芝加哥学派、后芝加哥学派的兴起和发展,以及在国际市场上越来越受到迅速崛起的欧洲与日本强大的竞争压力,20世纪80年代以来,美国政府逐步放弃了由哈佛学派创立于罗斯福新政时期,并指导美国反垄断法实践长达半个世纪的结构主义理论,改行效率优先原则,大大放松了对企业兼并的控制,推动了美国产业市场的寡头化发展和企业国际竞争力的提升。美国作为现代市场经济的代表,研究其兼并指导准则的演变,对处于经济转型期的我国建立企业兼并规制具有十分重要的借鉴意义。     

The Social Connectedness and Life Satisfaction Nexus: A Panel Data Analysis of Women in Australia

This study explores the interplay between time pressures at home and at work, social connectedness, and well-being as reported by Australian women. Specifically, taking advantage of longitudinal data (from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey for the years 2001 to 2013) and employing the newly developed “blow up and cluster” estimation technique, this study finds there has been a marginal decline in the life satisfaction of Australian women. After accounting for changes in sociodemographic characteristics, a more pervasive negative trend in life satisfaction appears to be reported by both men and women, and both genders report higher levels of life satisfaction for greater levels of almost all measures of social connectedness. This study adds to a growing body of evidence pointing toward the importance of frequent and meaningful social connections to societal well-being, as well as the need to refocus attention on well-being in public-policy spheres.     

The Return to Caring Skills: Gender,Class, and Occupational Wages in the US

Feminist economics has contributed to the understanding of the economic importance of care work. Most studies find a wage penalty associated with caring occupations. This study extends the feminist research on care work beyond caring occupations by identifying specific caring skills and activities derived from the 2014 O*NET job-evaluation data. Four caring skills – (1) Assisting and Caring for Others, (2) Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships, (3) Service Orientation, and (4) Social Perceptiveness – were used in ordinary least-squares and quantile wage regressions for 623 occupations in the United States. Findings indicate that the return to caring and assisting skills results in a wage penalty for low-wage workers but a wage premium for workers in high-wage and male occupations. By identifying the impact of gender and class on the economic return to particular caring skills, the study broadens the understanding of care work, especially in relation to US wage inequality.     

The subjective well-being of workfare participants: insights from a day reconstruction survey

In this article, we shed more light on the subjective well-being of workfare participants and compare it to the well-being of unemployed and employed workers. We use data from a self-conducted survey among participants in workfare schemes in Germany. We examine two subdimensions of subjective well-being – life satisfaction and emotional well-being – separately to obtain a more comprehensive view of the subjective well-being of workfare participants. Our results show that the life satisfaction of people in this group is between that of employed and unemployed people. In contrast, their emotional well-being is the highest of these three groups.     

The Great Recession and Racial Inequality: Evidence from Measures of Economic Well-Being

Abstract:

The Great Recession had a tremendous impact on low-income Americans, in particular Black and Latino Americans. The losses in terms of employment and earnings are matched only by the losses in terms of real wealth. In many ways, however, these losses are merely a continuation of trends that have been unfolding for more than two decades. We examine the changes in overall economic well-being and inequality, as well as changes in racial economic inequality during and since the Great Recession. We find that the Levy Institute Measure of Economic Well-Being inequality between White and Black households decreased during the Great Recession but since 2010, racial inequality in terms of LIMEW has increased. We find that changes in base income, taxes, and income from non-home wealth during the Great Recession produced declines in overall inequality, while only taxes reduced between-group racial inequality.     

The Liberation of American Politics from Economy

Thorstein Veblen's going concern theory of the business enterprise has been widely received by heterodox economists. Since Veblen's era, the capitalist social provisioning process has evolved toward money manager capitalism in a dialectical fashion. At the heart of the transformation are changes in the behavior of the business enterprise. In this paper, we make a threefold argument. First, while the going concern theory of the business enterprise is still important in the account of the economy as a continuing process of social provisioning, since a viable economy requires continuing business over historical time, more and more of the economy is being directed toward financial concerns. Second, as a consequence, the social provisioning process becomes more unstable and people's welfare becomes more vulnerable. Third, the concept of a going concern is, therefore, to be modified in order to put the business enterprise in the context of money manager capitalism.     

印度技术转移的演进过程、成功经验及其启示

印度在科技领域特别是高端科技领域成就显著,与其长期坚持的促进科技与经济融合发展的技术转移政策密不可分。印度技术转移演进过程可分为萌芽、本土化、自由化及转型发展等4个时期。印度政府高度重视技术转移工作,并发挥了主导作用:加强了技术转移工作顶层设计,完善了技术转移法律法规体系,强化了技术转移知识产权管理,形成了全方位的资金投入格局,构建了多层次科技成果转化载体。印度技术转移模式主要有:技术许可模式、创立新公司模式、合作研究模式及咨询顾问模式。我国技术转移在实践过程中存在一些问题,应借鉴印度技术转移发展过程中的成功经验,强化政府技术转移宏观引导,加速技术转移机构能力建设,完善知识产权管理,推动多种技术转移模式协同发展。     

中国大陆外商直接投资来源结构与演化轨迹的聚类分析

本文首次引入聚类分析，结合三项外商直接投资（FDI）流入指标，通过对上世纪80年代后期、90年代和本世纪初叶三个年代样本的定量分类，第一次将中国大陆FDI来源结构划分为核心、主导、重要、一般和边缘五个层次，据此重新确认了中国大陆FDI的主要来源地和来源地域，研究了各主要层次与某项FDI流入指标排名之间的关系，指出了先前诸种流行说法的不当之处，并进而勾勒出80年代后期以来中国大陆FDI来源结构的主要演变轨迹。     

The Evolution of the Use of Space：Lessons from Beijing

Specific changes in land use can, and often do, occur when any social economic system moves from one form to another. When traditional societies transit from traditional land uses to philosophically determined land uses, as in the case of the introduction of sooialism or the transition from system of planned economy to a market system, such changes seem concentrated and perhaps exacerbated. Certainly, such circumstances provide the opportunity to see the process of social philosophy and its impact upon land use in a telescoped fashion. The discovery and explanation of these elements might provide some insight into basic human behavior, and its relationship to social controt and how people organize space both with and without control. This paper presents the results of observations of changes in land use as they have occurred during the course of transitional economic development in Beijing, China for the past decade, it suggests three new generic categories that can be applied to any culture or society.     

空间利用的变革：北京的经历

Specific changes in land use can, and often do, occur when any social economic system moves from one form to another. When traditional societies transit from traditional land uses to philosophically determined land uses, as in the case of the introduction of socialism or the transition from system of planned economy to a market system, such changes seem concentrated and perhaps exacerbated. Certainly, such circumstances provide the opportunity to see the process of social philosophy and its impact upon land use in a telescoped fashion, The discovery and explanation of these elements might provide some insight into basic human behavior, and its relationship to social control and how people organize space both with and without control. This paper presents the results of observations of changes in land use as they have occurred during the course of transitional economic development in Beijing, China for the past decade. It suggests three new generic categories that can be applied to any culture or society.     

现代企业理论的演变:从生产属性、交易属性到内生成长

从企业理论的发展史来考察,经济学中企业理论的发展,经历了新古典经济学、新制度经济学以及演化经济学等三个阶段。企业理论的三个发展阶段,经历了一个由注重有形资源,进而发展为注重无形资源的阶段,最后达到有形资源与无形资源相结合的历史演进过程,最终显示了把企业中有形资源与无形资源结合起来分析考察的趋势,这越来越接近现实经济生活中企业的本质。     

基于个人利益视角的美国消防服务供给模式分析

公共产品理论认为公共产品与服务应该由政府垄断提供。但是公共选择学派在理论上的创新以及欧美国家私有化改革实践都证明了公共产品私人供给的可能性。19世纪中期美国消防服务供给模式向市政化演进,是私人利益所致,市政化对包括消防员、保险公司和政治家在内的利益集团都有益处。对中国公共产品供给政策的借鉴和启示：引导社会组织参与公共物品的提供;明确划分各级政府事权范围,并以法律形式确定下来;完善政治决策程序,提高政府服务效率。     

The recent process of job polarization in Japan: evidence from 1980 to 2010

This study investigates the recent process of job polarization in Japan. We focus on three particular aspects: the relationship with business cycles, total hours rather than employment and age cohorts. We find that, regardless of whether the focus is employment or total hours, job polarization is concentrated in recessions and that job polarization has occurred mainly in younger-age cohorts.     

The Macroeconomic Loss due to Violence Against Women: The Case of Vietnam

Violence against women (VAW) is now acknowledged as a global problem with substantial economic costs. However, the current estimates of costs in the literature provide the aggregate loss of income, but not the macroeconomic loss in terms of output and demand insofar as they fail to consider the structural interlinkages of the economy. Focusing on Vietnam, this study proposes an approach based on the social accounting matrix (SAM) to estimate the macroeconomic loss due to violence. Using Vietnam’s 2011 SAM, the study estimates the income and multiplier loss due to VAW. From a policy point of view, the study argues that the macroeconomic loss due to VAW renders a permanent invisible leakage to the circular flow that can potentially destabilize, weaken, or neutralize the positive gains from government expenditure on welfare programs.     

制约、双赢到不确定性——环境规制与企业竞争力相关性研究的演进与借鉴

环境经济学的传统假说认为,环境目标与企业竞争力之间存在社会收益与私人成本的权衡,环境规制制约企业竞争力.但由于其严格假设损害理论的普适性等原因而遭质疑,由此诞生环境规制与企业竞争力双赢假说.双赢假说引入动态的创新机制,打破新古典静态分析框架,提出环境规制激发企业创新与生产效率提高,企业可获得"创新优势"与"先动优势".以后,一些学者通过对影响环境规制与企业竞争力关系因素的研究,提出二者存在相关性不确定性的假说.文章系统阐述二者相关性研究的演进过程,挖掘它们在假设、方法论、政策导向等方面的差异,以及演进的内在逻辑与借鉴意义.     

基于脱钩理论的城市扩张速度与经济发展的时空耦合研究——以重庆市为例

利用2000-2010年重庆市40个区县的建成区面积增加率、常住人口城镇化率、人均CDP和三、二产业比值的历史数据,对城市扩张速度的时空演变规律与特征及其与区域经济发展的相互关系进行脱钩研究,判断二者关系在未来的变化趋势,以期为制定城市发展战略提供参考.研究表明:①2000-2010年,重庆市城市扩张的增速较快的区域表现为由“一圈”向“两翼”扩散的态势,且扩张速度较快的区县在空间上表现为“集中连片”的形态,城市发展的涓滴效应和规模效应逐步显现.②2000-2010年,重庆市人口城镇化率提升的由“一圈”带动逐渐转变为“两翼地区”带动,城市生产力表现为随主城区距离增加而不断减少,“环主城区”成为承接“主城区”产业转移和“两翼地区”人口流动的功能性区域.③根据扩张性复钩或强复钩与城市扩张速度高度关联的研究论断,以产业结构调整尤其是工业产业的空间布控可以实现人口的有序疏导.④根据扩张性复钩与城市扩张速度的耦合性随经济发展水平的提升不断增强的研究论断,城市扩张速度越快,其对区域生产力水平的依赖程度越高,适度调低CDP增速,可以控制城市无序扩张、提升城镇化质量.     

1990—2010年中国人口预期寿命与人均GDP的相关关系及其变化特征

预期寿命是反映人口寿命水平的重要指标,人均GDP是反映经济发展的重要指标。采用相关分析和回归分析对中国1990—2010年市域、县域两个尺度的预期寿命与人均GDP的关系进行分析,结果表明:人均GDP对预期寿命具有显著正向影响,但累积影响强于即时影响;人均GDP超过3000~5000元后,其对预期寿命的影响开始出现边际递减效应;人均GDP对预期寿命的影响强度在空间分布上自东向西增强。由于经济相对发达的东部地区人均GDP对预期寿命的贡献率要小于经济相对落后的西部地区,因此,今后东部地区应通过完善社会保障、优化卫生资源配置、倡导健康生活方式等途径进一步提高预期寿命,西部地区则应大力发展区域经济,努力提高生活水平,以尽快缩小与东部地区预期寿命的差距。     

The Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism Needs Better Categories: Clearing up the Confusions that Result from Blurring Analytic and Lay Concepts

Synopsis It has been difficult to make progress in the study of ethnicity and nationalism because of the multiple confusions of analytic and lay terms, and the sheer lack of terminological standardization (often even within the same article). This makes a conceptual cleaning-up unavoidable, and it is especially salutary to attempt it now that more economists are becoming interested in the effects of identity on behavior, so that they may begin with the best conceptual tools possible. My approach to these questions has been informed by anthropological and evolutionary-psychological questions. I will focus primarily on the terms ‘ethnic group’, ‘nation’, and ‘nationalism’, and I will make the following points: (1) so-called ‘ethnic groups’ are collections of people with a common cultural identity, plus an ideology of membership by descent and normative endogamy; (2) the ‘group’ in ‘ethnic group’ is a misleading misnomer—these are not ‘groups’ but categories, so I propose to call them ‘ethnies’; (3) ‘nationalism’ mostly refers to the recent ideology that ethnies—cultural communities with a self-conscious ideology of self-sufficient reproduction—be made politically sovereign; (4) it is very confusing to use ‘nationalism’ also to stand for ‘loyalty to a multi-ethnic state’ because this is the exact opposite; (5) a ‘nation’ truly exists only in a politician’s imagination, so analysts should not pretend that establishing whether something ‘really’ is or is not ‘a nation’ matters; (6) a big analytic cost is paid every time an ‘ethnie’ is called a ‘nation’ because this mobilizes the intuition that nationalism is indispensable to ethnic organization (not true), which thereby confuses the very historical process—namely, the recent historical emergence of nationalism—that must be explained; (7) another analytical cost is paid when scholars pretend that ethnicity is a form of kinship—it is not.