Regional Currencies Versus Dollarization: Options for Asia and the Americas

This paper undertakes an empirical assessment of Dollarization versus regional currency union as options for the economies of East Asia, South America and Central America. We use summary indicators of bilateral integration to examine the determinants of real exchange rate volatility within each region and between each region and the United States. While Europe is characterized by a high degree of regional integration, there is evidence of increasing integration in East Asia and persistently low integration in the Americas, especially as compared to the levels of bilateral integration vis-à-vis the United States. Our estimates confirm the patterns of regional integration above and reveal substantial regional differences as to the determinants of real exchange rate volatility.     

The Regulation of Private Schools Serving Low-Income Families in Andhra Pradesh,India

This paper sets out some findings of a research project carried out in private unaided schools in low-income areas of Hyderabad, India. The part of the research project documented here was designed to examine the question: Is the regulatory regime conducive to entrepreneurial action and market discovery with particular reference to the low-income schools in Hyderabad. This paper is narrowly focused, setting out the results of pattern matching empirical data with the Austrian economic concepts of entrepreneurship, rivalry, and market discovery. The research discovered that two regulatory regimes exist, one that is set out on paper in the Education Acts and associated rules, and another that operates in practice. That is, there is a combination of regulations on paper and regulations existing in an extra-legal sector. Generally it was found that the regulations in practice are consistent with market principles. Conversely the regulations set out on paper are not conducive to entrepreneurial innovation and market discovery. Recommendations for potential policy initiatives include the possibility of legitimising the extra-legal sector by introducing self-regulation possibly via self-evaluation systems for the private unaided schools.     

Differences in the determinants and targeting of antidumping: China and India compared

Despite both being developing countries, China and India have markedly contrasting patterns in their use and targeting of antidumping (AD) measures. We explore the factors driving AD use by these two countries, considering in turn macroeconomic, strategic and other determinants. We find more regular or systematic features of AD use by China, while India displays a less systematic pattern of AD use. Economic growth, AD club effect and free trade agreement participation are shown to constrain AD use by China. Compared to India, AD use by China is also more sensitive across industries. Furthermore, China targets developed countries more than developing countries, while India is less discriminating with respect to the country type it targets.     

印度IT发展的主要经验

该文首先论述了发展中国家应如何对数字鸿沟带来的挑战是摆在发展中国家面前的重要问题,作为发展中国家,印度发展IT的道路,很值得我们认真总结和借鉴,接着,该文说明了软件和网络的发展对印度经济发展的重大影响,文章还介绍了印度发展IT的主要经验,例如政府高度重视发展IT,制订适合国情的IT政策,大力培养IT人才和注意弥合国内的数字鸿沟等。     

印度利益集团对其贸易政策的影响

本文利用贸易政策形成的需求供给分析框架及利益集团影响贸易政策形成的机制,分析了印度利益集团对印度贸易政策确立与演变的影响。虽然印度各种利益集团的相互博弈在一定程度上影响了印度贸易政策的形成与发展,但利益集团发挥的作用是有限的,印度政党对利益集团的利用是充分的。印度历届政府经常利用利益集团之间的斗争,推进贸易自由化进程。     

印度对外战略的变化及原因探析

在过去十几年间,印度的对外战略发生了根本性的变革。这既是国际政治、经济环境变化的结果,也反映印度对国家目标、发展重心和思维模式的重新设定。目前来看,印度的对外新战略取得的效果较好。但是,随着印度作为发展中大国的崛起,其在世界上的影响力逐渐增强,印度的对外新战略需要接受的挑战也是不可避免的。     

印度风险投资中的政府角色及其对中国的启示

中国和印度同属于发展中国家,从某种意义上讲,两国在环境资源方面具有很大的可比性,两国在经济自由度方面,特别是在法律结构与产权保护、货币政策合理性及管制三方面自由度很接近。本文介绍了印度政府在其风险投资业发展的三个阶段中扮演的角色,总结了印度在风险投资业发展过程中的成功经验,分析了在财政、税收、参股及引进外资等方面值得中国政府借鉴之处。     

东亚消费风险分担的度量及潜在福利分析

文章利用1970-2004年的相关数据,度量了东亚13个经济体的消费风险分担的程度以及东亚地区在实现完全风险分担后带来的潜在福利收益.实证结果表明:东亚区域资本市场在平滑GDP冲击方面的作用非常小,对区域借贷市场虽有一定的作用,但较为有限,这说明东亚的消费风险分担程度还相当低;相比OECD国家和欧盟国家,东亚各经济体风险分担的福利收益是比较高的.     

The Dowry Gift in South Asia: An Institution on the Intersection of Market and Patriarchy

Abstract

Dowry refers to marriage gifts that are instrumental to the negotiation of the marriage contract. Historically, the dowry gift was constituted by law across the Roman empire. While dowry has become largely irrelevant in Europe in contemporary times, it is still pervasive across the Brahmanical Hindu societies of South Asia. Moreover, what was traditionally token gifts from friends and well-wishers has taken on the form of “new dowry” since the colonial period. “New dowry” is heavily composed of cash and market goods, including land and is frequently accompanied by violence against new brides when their families fail to make larger dowry gifts with higher market value. This article examines the evolution of “new dowry” through a Polanyian lens. Unlike the neoclassical Beckerian approach which takes an ahistorical outlook to marriage as a “market” for matching partners and dowry as a market price, the substantivist lens à la Polanyi investigates the historical evolution of “new dowry” through the advent of market processes in the colonial period and the countermovement of legal reform in the post-colonial period.     

中印两国贫富差距比较研究

中国、印度这两个发展中国家,经济改革都取得了令世人瞩目的成就,但在经济增长的同时,社会结构也发生了变化,都面临着贫富差距扩大的问题。对比中印两国贫富差距的异同,参考印度的情况,对于有效治理中国的贫富差距问题,有重要的借鉴价值。     

大股东控制、控制权私人收益与投资风险

基于大股东控制所产生的控制权私人收益，我们通过一个严格的数学模型发现：由于大股东控制而产生的控制权私人收益将导致企业投资于高风险项目；大股东持股比例的增加将降低企业的投资风险；公司其他中小股东对大股东的制衡能力越强，公司的投资风险将会降低；相比于非生产性大股东的公司，生产性大股东的公司将会投资于更高风险项目。我们的研究对于认识大股东控制下的公司投资行为，以及通过如何改进股权结构．加强中小投资者利益保护具有重要意义。     

Neoliberalism and Class Reproduction in India: The Political Economy of Privatisation in the Mineral Sector in the Indian State of Orissa

Abstract

Recent years have witnessed a process of integration of the Indian Union within the new international economic order, characterised by the ascendance of neoliberalism. Orissa, historically one of the Indian states mostly affected by severe poverty and economic stagnation though richly endowed with natural resources, has enthusiastically endorsed the neo-liberal project, implementing all the relevant national policies related to it. In the last 15 years, while the economic policy of the State of Orissa has been thus increasingly shaped according to the neoliberal guidelines recommended by the Centre, the disturbing socio-economic scenario of the State has not changed significantly. This paper aims to highlight how specific power relations in the State of Orissa are reproducing themselves in the course of the transition of the Indian Union towards the neoliberal order. This paper aims to consider as an example of this process the privatisation policies in the mining sector, namely the main economic sector of Orissa. Moving from the fundamental role historically played by Orissa within the Indian Union as a supplier of raw materials to the pan-Indian market, the paper intends to highlight the rentier character of the Orissan dominant class, traditionally capable of performing a basic intermediary function in the provision of raw materials to the Indian market. Once taken into account the socio-economic role historically played by the local dominant class in Orissa within the context of the wider capitalist dynamics at work at the all-Indian level, the paper will focus on the scenario which came into being since the start of the neoliberal economic reforms in 1991. The major shifts in the mineral policy at the central level since 1991 will be taken into account and, within this context, the implementation of privatisation policy in the mineral sector in Orissa will be analysed, with special reference its socio-economic implications. The paper aims to highlight the way in which the State of Orissa has broadened its traditional role, becoming an important supplier of raw material not only to the all-Indian market, but to the international market in general. It will be argued as well that, in continuity with the past, the intermediary function of the local dominant class in this process has remained fundamental. Therefore the paper aims to argue that the current scenario supports the proposition that the unfolding of neoliberal dynamics in Orissa opened the way for the creation of new spaces of social reproduction for the local dominant class and, with them, for the reproduction of old relations of power and social domination in the State.     

中国和印度贸易模式的比较研究

中国和印度作为两个较大的发展中国家,具有很多共同点,但在对外贸易上存在很大的差异。研究中国和印度对外贸易上的表现,结果发现:两个国家近年来都有较高的外贸依存度,但中国在世界出口中的比重不断上升,而印度在世界出口中所占的比重很小且保持不变;两个国家的贸易在很大程度上是产业内贸易,中国比印度出口更多复杂和精细的产品。中印两国贸易模式存在差异的主要原因是,中国较早注意利用劳动力资源禀赋发展加工贸易,印度对于外向型经济的相关政策出台较晚。     

Explaining the performance of state–community joint forest management in India

This paper seeks to identify and analyze the factors that explain differential outcomes of joint forest management (JFM) in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Factors affecting the performances of JFM communities are analyzed using an ordered logit model. The results indicate that JFM communities are more likely to perform well when they are smaller in size and when forest resources in the JFM community are scarce. Presence of social capital and high value forests are also likely to promote good forest growth. Effective protection of forests is likely to contribute to the growth of forests. JFM communities that were initiated by NGOs are more likely to manage forests effectively than the one initiated by the Forest Department.     

印度国有银行公司治理改革及其对中国的启示

中印两国过去都是银行系统相对封闭而又受到严重抑制的经济体,自1991年以来,印度对国内的银行业进行了比较全面、彻底的改革,其经验教训对于中国的银行业改革具有一定的借鉴意义.即严格银行监管,强化信息披露;放松银行业的市场准入;加强董事会市场化改革等.     

我国劳动力效率对东南亚经济发展影响的实证研究

构造了劳动力负荷相关因子模型,并通过相关数量分析研究,认为东亚经济的蓬勃发展归功于劳动力的释放,然而老年负荷和儿童负荷的影响作用不一样。收入增加因素、劳动力供给因素、公共财政机制等多种因素使得东亚人口劳动力的负荷运转有所减缓;但以后的劳动力负荷是未知数,对未来的经济增长也会造成冲击。     

Common pool resources and contextual factors: Evolution of a fishermen's cooperative in Calcutta

The CPR school has successfully rebutted Hardin's pessimistic Tragedy of the Commons model. However, in recent years, critics have focussed on the inward orientation and lack of contextual analysis characterising the writings of the CPR school.Oakerson [A Model for the analysis of common property problems. Working Paper R86-13. Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, 1986] and Ostrom [Governing the Commons. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990] have detailed the list of variables that have to be studied to understand the mechanics of collective action. However, these factors are internal to the community. Recent critics' point out that the actions of individual agents are also influenced by the alternatives embedded outside the system. These variables are collectively labelled contextual factors.In our paper, we have analysed the case of a fishermen's cooperative in the Calcutta Metropolitan District to show how the historic and economic context shapes targets of resource users and affects the feasibility of alternative courses to achieve the target by determining opportunity and transaction costs of actions. This indicates the importance of contextual factors in explaining the formation and evolution of the resource regime.     

印度技术转移的演进过程、成功经验及其启示

印度在科技领域特别是高端科技领域成就显著,与其长期坚持的促进科技与经济融合发展的技术转移政策密不可分。印度技术转移演进过程可分为萌芽、本土化、自由化及转型发展等4个时期。印度政府高度重视技术转移工作,并发挥了主导作用:加强了技术转移工作顶层设计,完善了技术转移法律法规体系,强化了技术转移知识产权管理,形成了全方位的资金投入格局,构建了多层次科技成果转化载体。印度技术转移模式主要有:技术许可模式、创立新公司模式、合作研究模式及咨询顾问模式。我国技术转移在实践过程中存在一些问题,应借鉴印度技术转移发展过程中的成功经验,强化政府技术转移宏观引导,加速技术转移机构能力建设,完善知识产权管理,推动多种技术转移模式协同发展。     

Valuing the Benefits of Coastal Water Quality Improvements Using Contingent and Real Behaviour

Recent moves in the European Union have beenmade towards a toughening of legislation onbathing water quality. This has focussedpolicy-makers thoughts on the welfare benefitsresulting from such improvements, especiallygiven their cost. Our paper uses a combinedstated and revealed preference approach tovalue coastal water quality improvements,focussing on an area of Scotland which hasconsistently failed to meet standards under theBathing Waters Directive. We combine data onreal behaviour with data on contingentbehaviour using a random effects negativebinomial panel model. This allows us to predictboth the change in participation (trips) shouldwater quality be improved, and the welfareincrease per trip. Our model includes allowancefor the existence of substitute sites, and forchanges in recreational behaviour during abeach visit.