价值工程在监理评估工程变更方案中的应用

工程变更主要功能是为了实现工程的工期、投资和质量目标．监理工程师在作变更方案的功能分析时。应对方案实现工程的工期、投资和质量目标方面的功能进行分析。主要是对假定产品的性能和寿命．对人员素质、工程材料．机械设备、工艺方法和环境条件等因素．分析工程变更方案实现工期、质量、费用的目标。监理工程师应运用价值工程理论．对工程变更方案的功能及其实现手段进行审查评估，以做刭判定工程变更的必要性。并有效选择工程变更最优方案。     

水电工程合同变更项目单价编审原则浅议

水利水电工程的合同变更项目单价编审原则，按合同规定一般是由监理工程师起主要协调作用，但由于监理工程师都是受雇于业主的，当有争议时就难以做到公平、公正。所以在合同条款上应对变更项目单价的编审做出更明确和具体一些的规定；或在水利水电工程造价系列中明确规定变更项目单价的编制原则；或者对现在的监理机制进行改革。     

建设工程索赔案例解决规律探析

工程索赔在当今招标投标竞争激烈的环境下具有重要的现实意义，也是行业考试的重要考点。文章通过归纳、对比、分析近几年的全国一级建造师、造价工程师和监理工程师执业资格考试试卷，得出工程索赔几乎成为建造师、造价工程师和监理工程师执业资格考试中每年必考知识点。进而以监理工程师执业资格考试题集中的一索赔案例为例．分析了原解析过程的疏漏，进一步阐述工程索赔解决的内在规律。对从业人员具有较好的参考意义。     

三峡临时船闸及升船机一线工程施工阶段监理投资控制

三峡临时船闸及升船机一线工程土建投资约13亿元，为了做好施工阶段监理投资控制，监理中心首先将监理工程师职责分清，制订了关于施工阶段投资控制的监理实施细则和工作流程，使投资控制规范化和程序化；其次，注重搞好信息管理，及时收集、整理、分析投资控制数据，搞好施工方案优化，加强工程计量与支付管理，以控制好工程变更和索赔。     

把好农网改造工程监理关

农网改造工程是一种项目多而杂，建设地点分散，涉及面广，管线走向复杂，施工难度大的工程。具有跨越城区、公路、桥梁、民宅多，工程设计变更多，协调部门多的特点。施工经常受阻，对施工工期和投资影响较大。由于这些条件的限制，基本不能借鉴以前的监理工作经验，给监理工作带来相当大的困难。针对农网改造工程的特点和现状，我们在农网改造工程监理的实践过程中，不断摸索，走出了一条有自己特色的路子，创造性地开展各项监理工作和实行一套与农网改造工程相适应的监理方法，确保了农改工程投资、质量、进度、安全目标的实现，提高了…     

水电站工程建设合同管理中应重视的几个问题

根据在招投标活动和工程施工中的工作实践，从业主、监理的角度对招标文件审查、工程变更认定、工程造价管理、索赔费用计算、甲供材料核销等方面做了详细的阐述，尤其强调为避免施工过程在工程变更、造价、索赔等方面产生纠纷，作为工程造价的预控手段，业主、监理应提前在招标文件专用条款审查过程中包括在合同谈判过程中加以防范和控制。     

对水利水电工程项目监理早期介入的探讨

本文提出了项目监理的新概念，分析了项目监理的必要性，针对某些水利工程过程监理工程师介入工程较晚而不能很好履行监理职能的实际情况，提出了促成项目监理的形成和使早期介入工程的一些建议。     

浅谈金河水电站工程合同管理与投资控制

西藏金河水电站工程建设过程中，充分发挥了项目法人的主导作用，加强对设计、监理工作的管理，努力提高合同执行过程中对合同变更的快速应变能力，监理注意做好工程款月结算付款工作，使工程造价得到有效控制，工程进展顺利。此外，要控制好工程投资，就应加大前期勘测设计深度；在监理队伍中增设施工机械设备监理；招标文件工程量清单中增加可预见性的单价；在工地附近设立信息预报站。     

水利水电工程合同索赔矩阵浅析

工程索赔是合同管理的重要环节。施工合同是索赔的依据。我国水利水电建设项目现行的合同示范文本是水利部、原国家电力公司、原国家工商行政管理局联合颁发的GF-2000-0208《水利水电土建工程施工合同条件》。其中通用合同条款共22章60条，有关违约、风险、工程变更、监理工程师指令、暂停施工、工期变化、合同缺陷等涉及工程索赔的条款约40余款。为此，尝试建立了工程索赔与理赔鉴别矩阵，以利于工程索赔时应用。     

造价工程师在电力工程监理中如何发挥作用

造价工程师在电力工程监理过程中是建设项目造价工作的重要组织者和投资控制组负责人。具有工程计量审核权、支付工程进度款审核权和工程造价审批权。对维护电力建设业主和电力工程施工承包商利益，维护电力监理单位自身权益。有着不可替代的地位和作用。电力工程造价，包括电力建筑工程、热力设备安装工程、送电线路工程、加工配制工程和调试工程造价。     

An International Investigation of Problem‐Solving Performance in the Semiconductor Industry*

Using a unique survey of engineers in major semiconductor companies located in Japan, South Korea, and the United States, this article analyzes how a firm's human resource (HR) system (i.e., practices that structure work, develop skills, and reward performance) and knowledge system (i.e., information access, sharing and control) are related to the problem‐solving performance of engineers. Because of the short product market life cycles in the semiconductor industry, expeditious problem solving is an important performance goal. Therefore, this article examines the performance of engineers in terms of the time it takes them to solve problems in the context of their firms' HR and knowledge systems. It was anticipated during this study that externally oriented organizational systems, which support individual career performance and mobility (an externally oriented HR system) and the use of private knowledge sources (an externally oriented knowledge system), would be associated with superior performance in terms of problem‐solving speed. The findings support this hypothesis and demonstrate the importance of externally oriented HR systems and at the same time suggest the surprising insignificance of the orientation of the knowledge systems. These findings are applicable to engineers in the sample from the United States, whereas the findings for the Korean and Japanese engineers are inconclusive. International variation is found where the U.S. engineers work under the most externally oriented and the Japanese engineers under the least externally oriented systems, and the Korean engineers fall in between. The findings of this article suggest that when constructing a work environment for new product development, managers should take into account how the underlying components of their organizational systems contribute to an internal or external focus, and how this orientation may influence performance.     

对我国监理企业多元化经营的探讨

分析监理企业经营现状及原因，提出监理企业多元化经营的必要性及其基本内容，并讲座多元化经营需要具备的条件和注意的问题。     

Organizational Restructuring: Impact on Trust and Work Satisfaction

After the Asian financial crisis, companies are now contending with the current global economic slowdown. Whether it is at the national, industry or organizational levels, restructuring has gained currency as a strategic decision to realign internal structure with changing macro environmental factors. Faced with more competitive markets and greater demands on costs controls, organizations and businesses are taking the fast track to cost-cutting by downsizing, reorganizing their divisions, streamlining their operations, and closing down unprofitable divisions.Changes that are introduced in an organizational restructuring will affect the socio-psychological well-being of organization members given the potential for uncertainty that may accompany such changes. There is a need to better understand the consequences of organizational restructuring and consider some of its potential side effects on the work environment. Employees in a post-restructuring context are understandably wary about the future direction of the organization and their roles within it.This study is an attempt to examine the social-psychological impact of organizational restructuring on trust and work satisfaction. Additionally the inter-relationships between trust and work satisfaction, including their antecedents in the work environment are examined.Trust and work satisfaction levels were tracked before and three months after organizational restructuring for varying types of changes that were initiated during the restructuring. Both trust and satisfaction with working in the organization declined significantly when compared to pre-restructuring levels. Independent t-tests analysis indicated that there was a significant decline in trust for the work group which had a newly hired manager and a change in work processes. Results showed that there was a negative relationship between both work satisfaction and trust with the extent of change required of employees.The findings also showed that there was a positive relationship between trust and work satisfaction and that trust contributed to work satisfaction. Perception of colleagues willingness to help solve job-related problems contributed significantly to strengthening of trust relations among colleagues. Additionally, colleagues and supervisors willingness to listen to employee problems contributed significantly to work satisfaction.Results of the study highlighted the need for strategic decision-makers to consider the social impact of organizational restructuring. Top managers must realize that both trust and work satisfaction are important ingredients for the effective functioning of an organization and to actively ensure that support systems or structures are adequate and available to mitigate the negative impact, particularly if the changes to be implemented are extensive.     

质量风险管理在质量体系中的应用与发展

阐述了质量风险管理的基本原理、技术，以及质量风险管理在井下作业开发过程中的应用。通过对质量风险管理的形成过程（风险确立、风险分析，风险定级，风险管理、风险解决、风险监视）进行分析，最终得出了井下作业质量风险管理流程和作业方案，并在实践中得到推广应用。     

工况测试是计量监督的重要手段

工况测试是计量监督的重要手段,是确保计量数据准确可靠、监控计量器具正常运行的有效方法,是处理计量纠纷的有效手段,通过工况测试实例,说明工况测试的必要性、重要性和开展工况测试应具备必要的条件。     

石油管产品驻厂监造的管理问题与对策探讨

针对目前西气东输管道建设和跨国管线建设的驻厂监造,在对石油管产品驻厂监造模式分析的基础上．探讨了石油管产品驻厂监造过程中需求方、制造方和监造方三方在合作中各自面临的管理问题,并提出相应的对策。指出,石油管产品驻厂监造作为全方位的质量保证模式,在推动石油管产品质量提高、促进相关生产企业技术进步、降低石油管产品的使用风险等方面发挥着不可替代的作用。     

Evaluating the impact of TRIZ creativity training: an organizational field study

Creativity training is used by many organizations in an attempt to improve the innovativeness of their employees, yet there has been relatively little systematic evaluation carried out of the impact of such training. This study reports on the evaluation of the effectiveness of a theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ)‐based creativity training program in a major international engineering firm. Cross‐sectional, longitudinal and multisource evaluation strategies were used to assess the impact of the training on a sample of design engineers (n = 123) and to make comparisons with nontrainees (n = 96). Results indicate that participation in TRIZ training led to short‐term improvements in both the creative problem‐solving skills and motivation to innovate of engineers, and these were associated with longer term improvements in their idea suggestion in the workplace. There was variable support for the translation of these ideas into new innovations and improved performance at work as a result of the training. Theoretical and practical implications for enhancing the effectiveness of creativity training interventions are discussed.     

Inventory investment and production in Europe during the “Great Recession”: Is there a pattern?

The paper examines the nexus between inventory investment and the change in aggregate production during the “Great Recession” of 2008/09 for 29 European countries. A fairly uniform pattern emerges. Inventory investment is positively correlated with changes in production and follows the latter with a time-lag of two to three quarters. Very few countries (Austria, Greece, Spain and Switzerland) diverge from the typical pattern. This might hint to problems with respect to data quality.     

Social Change: How Should Technology Education Respond?

Rapid social change creates a powerful challenge to individuals and educational institutions. Technology education is not an exception. To be a useful and authentic learning area, technology education should constantly re-examine its rationale in order to formulate responses to changing contexts to improve the quality of learning for students. The more perspectives used for this process, the better the results should be. This article explores several facets of social change that can influence an understanding of the aims and nature of technology education and that might contribute to its development. Social change is a very complex and dynamic phenomenon that can be considered from a variety of perspectives and is reflected in a number of processes. These processes are different in different types of societies. In relation to the topic, the following processes that are relevant to Western societies (it is acknowledged that for different type of societies, e.g. Islamic, Chinese, social context will be different) will be analyzed: (1) The shift of emphasis from engaging society members primarily as producers to engaging society members primarily as consumers; (2) The colonisation of the cognitive and moral spheres of human life by the aesthetic sphere; (3) The integration of people into the technological world and (4) The shift from the Welfare state to the Competition state. These processes have been identified on the basis of their potential influences on the development of technology education and, as a consequence, the students who study it. These processes are in tension which creates even greater challenges to technology education. Several implications of the above analysis in terms of conceptualizing technology education are discussed. It is suggested that social change can be addressed through technology education if the educational goals of it are ‘to broaden minds and develop all pupils in the creation of a better society’. For technology education classrooms, these specifically mean the involvement of students in democratic debates on the future outlines of technological development; development of their social and ecological sensitivities; avoiding orienting their solutions exclusively to the standard of business efficiency and profitability criteria; helping them to distinguish real needs from desires; discussing the role of designed objects in the life of contemporary society; putting more emphasis on other than the aesthetic aspects of life that can provide existential meaning for people; challenging the way people are manipulated through advertising and cultivation of their desires; developing an active/creative attitude towards problems (not re-active); teaching students to formulate problems (not only being involved in problem solving); challenging consumer-oriented design; looking at design as one source of inspiration, not as a source of economic utility; and developing social responsibility     

A World Without Work: Technology,Automation and How We Should Respond

Capitalism has always generated predictions of its demise. One common form such predictions take is the fear of an absence of sufficient work to go around. In an important new text, Daniel Susskind argues that revolutions in computational power are already bringing about such a condition, which will soon lead to a secular stagnation of employment. I argue that even if correct in its conclusions, Susskind’s argument doesn’t bear scrutiny – since it pays little attention to the critical dynamics shaping today’s global economy (globalisation, financialisation, and a slowdown in investment and productivity). Examining these factors carefully gives us a very different take on turbulent techno‐economic change.