Modelling demand and supply influences on utilization: A flow demand model to predict hospital utilization at the small area level

This study outlines a model to predict hospital utilization at the small area level within a National Health Service (NHS) institutional context. The proposed approach departs from alternative analyses based on utilization flows of hospital care between a local population and a hospital. A flow demand model is outlined that relates flow demand to utilization flows; models the interaction between hospital supply and utilization of alternative hospitals; captures the process of demand for hospital care, with special attention given to the role of other health care sectors, to the organizational and institutional context of the hospital system and to geographic variations. The flow approach partly overcomes the problem of dealing with simultaneity of determination between supply and demand. A two-part econometric model suitable to estimate the flow demand model for prediction purposes is tested and applied to the Portuguese health care system. The results show the model to be robust and to provide key information for defining future hospital policies at the central level.     

An emprical model of the demand for a varied diet

This study attempts to measure some aspects of the household's demand for a varied die by invesigaing how he number of individual foods consumed b he household is affeced b is preferences and food expendiure. A heoriical model suggesed b household production theory is adopted to empirical data from a cross-section of households. It is found that the number of individual foods consumed is strongly responsive to househjold expenditure on all foods.     

Tourism and regional development: a spatial econometric model for Portugal at municipal level

Portuguese Economic Journal - This study examines the importance of tourism as a factor for regional economic development in Mainland Portugal, emphasizing the inter-regional spatial spillover...     

A simple microeconomic foundation for a Tobit model of consumer demand

A simple microeconomic foundation is provided for a Tobit model of consumer demand subject to corner solutions.     

The Iowa model: a proposed model for nursing administration

The purpose of the Iowa Model is to serve both as a heuristic device and as a framework for articulating knowledge for nursing administration research, practice, and education. The model delineates two domains of knowledge (systems and outcomes), each with three levels (patient aggregates, the organization, and the health care system). Concepts useful for knowledge development are identified for each level. Practice, research, and curricular applications of the model are made.     

Dynamic factor demand in a rationing model

In this paper, a dynamic decision model of the firm with a delayed adjustment of employment and investment is developed. Special attention is devoted to dynamic inefficiencies, i.e. underutilizations of the capital stock and labour hoarding. Market disequilibrium is introduced by allowing for a sluggish adjustment of wages and prices. The model of the firm is complemented by explicit aggregation, and the aggregate model is estimated for the FRG for the period 1960 to 1989. The empirical results reveal that dynamic adjustment constraints for employment and capital contributed to the persistence of unemployment in Germany in the 1980s.     

农村基层视阈下农村籍大学生的就业之路

城市就业形势日益严峻、就业空间不断缩小,农村籍大学生凭自身的优势,回农村基层就业不失为一个双赢的选择,既能充分施展自己的才华,体现自己的人生价值,又能为新农村建设输送新鲜血液,改善农村的经济、政治、文化、社会生态,促进我国广大农村经济社会又好又快发展。     

A dynamic model of demand for Mediterranean tourism

A dynamic econometric model was specified in order to estimate tourism consumption changes by Northern European countries and the USA for major Mediterranean destinations. The model employed a flexible framework for modelling short-term dynamics as well as the long run effects of a range of variables of specific interest to the countries considered. The estimated model provided useful information for tourism demand. The income elasticities demonstrated considerable differences in tourism demand preferences between origin countries and between traditional and newly developing destinations. The own and substitute price elasticities indicated the importance of effective prices in determining tourism receipts of the destinations.     

R&D activity in a dynamic factor demand model

The focus of this paper is an econometric analysis of the determinants of private firms' R&D activities in the context of a general dynamic factor demand model. Besides the traditional production factors we treat technological knowledge, endogenously determined by R&D expenditures, as a further input factor. While labour and materials are assumed to be variable, capital and know-how are considered as quasi-fixed. The dynamic demand equations for labour, capital investment and R&D which are derived from an intertemporal cost minimisation are estimated for a panel data set of small and medium size German firms. The data covers the period between 1978 and 1982 and includes 408 firms. It turns out that R&D activity depends on the underlying production structure as suggested by neoclassical theory. In addition, by introducing firm specific effects, we can show that firm size and market concentration influence innovative behaviour in accordance with the Schumpeterian hypotheses.Paper presented at the Industrial Organization Conference at the Annual Meeting of the Austrian Economic Association, Vienna, June 24–26, 1992, the 7th Annual Congress of the European Economic Association, Dublin, August 29–31, 1992, and the 19th Annual Conference of the EARIE, Stuttgart, September 4–6, 1992. Helpful suggestions and comments were received from participants of these conferences as well as from seminar participants at Temple University, at the University of Augsburg, and at the fourth DFG workshop Marktstruktur und gesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Munich. We are particularly indebted to an anonymous referee for very helpful specific comments. Finally, we would like to thank Horst Albach for providing us with the panel data set. Financial support of the DFG is gratefully acknowledged.     

Carbon tax simulations using a household demand model

The main objective of this paper is to analyse consumer response and welfare effects due to changes in energy or environmental policy. To achieve this objective we formulate and estimate an econometric model for non-durable consumer demand in Sweden that utilises micro- and macro-data. In the simulations, we consider two revenue neutral scenarios that both imply a doubling of the CO₂ tax; one that returns the revenues in the form of a lower VAT and one that subsidise public transport. One conclusion from the simulations is that the CO₂ tax has regional distribution effects, in the sense that household living in sparsely populated areas carry a larger share of the tax burden.     

Sun,sand and September 11: a model of tourism demand for the Maldives

Tourism is a key source of income for many small island economies, and so it is important to understand its determinants in such countries. We estimate a tourism demand model for the Maldives’ five main source markets and find that, in addition to the usual foreign income and own price variables, the cost of travel and of visiting alternative destinations (often missing from studies of this nature) almost always have a significant role. In addition, the country’s own marketing efforts prove effective at influencing demand. Finally, we find evidence the War on Terror has persistently depressed demand from some markets.     

The supply and demand for imports and exports in a simultaneous model

Previous studies on the behaviour of aggregate exports and imports have tended to ignore the simultaneous relationship between quantity and price. This paper investigates the price responsiveness of export and import demand and supply in eight African countries. The results indicate that export demand price elasticities are smaller when the sample is African. The import supply and demand elasticities were found to be generally large. The Marshall–Lerner condition of balance of payment stability is found to be easily satisfied. A positively sloped function of export supply is found to exist for a majority of countries in the sample. The average time lag of export supply is found to be about a year. The disequilibrium model is found to be more appropriate for import demand, import supply and export supply.     

A macroeconomic model of aggregate supply and demand for the UK

In this paper we publish for the first time the econometric model of the UK economy recently developed at City University Business School (CUBS). The differentiating feature of the CUBS model is its concern with the ‘supply side’ and its attempt to estimate an aggregate production function. The model distinguishes between markets in goods and services, labour, capital, money and foreign exchange.     

Factor demand explanation in the COMET model

The COMET model is an interconnected set of 13 econometric country models, one for each member country of the European Economic Community and for some other countries as well. Within each country model demand for production factors, including energy, is explained by a multi-output/multi-input national production structure resulting in an internally coherent subset of four input equations, which allows for reasonably realistic dynamics and involves only a limited number of unknown coefficients, which are internationally comparable. The estimates display considerable similarity across countries, rather weak price responses, but relatively strong substitution between labour and capital.     

Testing a theoretical model of mortgage demand on UK data

This study explores whether the long-run purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis holds for selected real exchange rates from Turkish economy during the period 1982M1–2003M12. In addition to conventional unit root tests, five different unit root test procedures have been applied including efficient point-optimal tests, extended M tests and GLS-detrended variants of DF tests, to four monthly real exchange rate series defined in terms of both producer and consumer price indices. The countries analysed are the USA, the UK, Germany and Italy which are major trade partners of Turkey. Mixed evidence is found for the long-run PPP hypothesis when real exchange rate is defined in terms of German DM and Italian Lira. However, the empirical analysis reveals that the PPP hypothesis holds strongly in the long-run for the UK£ and US$ based real exchange rates series using either PPI or CPI. In corroboration with other studies in the literature, the bias correlated half-life estimates suggest relatively faster speeds of adjustment supporting the view that the deviations from the PPP rate dissipate rather quickly for relatively high inflation countries.