发展民营经济需要强化法律保障

改革开放以来,我国民营经济快速发展,但由于相关的法律保障相对滞后,并且一定范围内存在司法执法不公正现象,使民营企业大多处于法律保护的弱势地位,制约和影响民营经济的发展。需要制定和完善平等的法律法规,维护良好的市场秩序,强化民营企业法律意识,保护民营经济的合法权益,促进民营经济的健康发展。     

关于辽宁民营经济发展的思考

一、辽宁省民营经济发展存在的问题1.民营经济的发展环境不够宽松。民营经济的发展,从来没有一帆风顺过,尽管党的“十六大”进一步确立了民营经济的地位,但人们认识上仍有误区,发展民营经济的环境还不够宽松。诚然,民营经济在发展过程中肯定会存在这样或那样的问题,如个别企业偷漏税、民营企业诚信问题等。因此,曾一度使人们对发展民营经济持怀疑态度,总觉得民营经济靠不住,水分太多,是“另类”,人们对在民营企业就业还有顾虑,怕不牢靠,总觉得不是正规单位;因缺乏有效的法律保护,民营经济的合法权益遭到随意侵犯的现象时有发生,如名目繁多的…     

民营经济的高质量发展研究——基于民营企业的产权保护视角

在改革开放的历程中,民营企业在推动我国经济发展方面发挥着极其重要的作用。民营经济已经成为当代中国经济结构的重要组成部分。产权保护是民营企业生存与发展的前提与保障,其对于民营企业增强核心竞争力具有极其重要的意义。然而,民营企业在产权保护层面却面临法律制度不健全、市场化改革不彻底、国内外经济形势严峻、融资环境收紧等诸多困境。通过完善政策体系、健全内部机制、优化法治环境、构建创新体制、加强司法保护等路径对民营企业的产权加以保护,是保障民营经济高质量发展的重要因素;反言之,民营经济的高质量发展也是民营企业产权保护的目标所在。     

对民营企业家素质与人格的思考

２０多年来的改革开放和市场化进程给民营企业的发展带来广阔的空间，民营经济得到飞速发展。１９９７年党的“十五大”把民营经济确定为国民经济的“重要组成部分”， “成份”的差异逐渐淡出，特别是１９９９年３月“民营经济”在中华人民共和国的宪法中占有了前所未有的地位，中国民营企业再次获得了空前的发展机会。但是，摆在我国民营企业未来发展道路上的却是一道道难关：国有企业在经历改革的低谷之后逐渐恢复元气，国外跨国公司的大量进入，对我国较为弱小的民营企业形成两面夹击之势；亚洲金融危机的影响尚未消除、市场疲软依然，…     

对浙江民营中小企业融资创新的思考

浙江是民营经济大省，民营中小企业的蓬勃发展，大大增强了浙江经济的实力，发展了浙江的体制优势，推动了浙江的科技进步和结构调整：但是，尽管民营企业对浙江经济发展有着不可替代的作用，却日益受到来自资金融通的约束。促进民营经济发展，需要金融创新：这其中包括为民营企业发展创造良好的制度环境；大力发展资本市场；完善信用担保体系和金融机构融资创新等。     

我国中部贫困地区民营经济发展研究

民营企业的发展向社会提供了巨大的就业机会，尤其是在中部贫困地区的经济发展中，民营企业有着重要的作用，同时中部地区的民营经济发展受到了地区经济发展的限制，因而发展民营企业是当前和今后一个时期的重要任务之一。下面本文就对我国中部贫困地区民营经济发展中存在的问题及对策分析。     

力促河北民营企业转变发展方式

推动民营企业转变发展方式是新时期民营经济发展的主旨，完成这项目标须着力从两方面下功夫，一是加快民营经济结构调整，推进科技进步，造就一批具有较强竞争力的民营企业集团和特色产业集群；二是引导民营企业科学发展，限制和淘汰落后生产能力，加大节能减排力度，保护好资源环境。而完成这两方面任务的核心与根本是提高民营企业的自主创新能力。河北省民营企业与发达省份相比，     

民营企业员工合法权益缺失问题及对策研究

改革开放以来，民营企业得到了快速的发展，为国民经济和社会发展做出了重要的贡献。但在其发展过程中，员工合法权益受损害的情况时有发生，产生了不少社会矛盾，引起了社会各界的普遍关注。如何保护有效民营企业员工的合法权益，对于民营企业健康发展以及社会和谐稳定都具有非常重要的现实意义。分析民营企业员工合法权益缺失的现状及原因，提出解决的对策和建议。     

民营企业家视野下发展环境的问题与建议

民营经济占据我国国内生产总值半壁江山，是推动经济增长的重要力量。党的二十大报告提出，优化民营企业发展环境，依法保护民营企业产权和企业家权益，促进民营经济发展壮大。通过多地调研访谈，了解当前民营企业发展面临的问题，提出了相关建议。     

经济政策不确定性对民营企业高质量发展的影响

在宏观经济政策波动和国内经济深化改革的背景下，民营企业的高质量发展是否受到经济政策不确定性的影响以及如何减少相应的影响对于民营企业而言尤为重要，同时民营企业高质量发展对我国民营经济的发展起到至关重要的作用。以A股上市民营企业为观测对象，实证检验了经济政策不确定性对民营企业高质量发展的影响。研究发现：经济政策不确定性对民营企业高质量发展起到负向作用；民营企业内部控制质量提升会降低该负向作用；相较于规模较小的民营企业，经济政策不确定性对规模较大的民营企业影响较小。     

促进中国民营企业发展的支持性公共政策措施

民营企业的在发展过程中,存在着法律上的不公,准入行业、土地使用制度上的限制,税收政策上的不平等,融资渠道不畅,政府职能机构不到位、制度不健全和政策环境不理想等障碍。这严重地阻碍了民营企业的发展。因此,在法律上给民营企业一个公平的地位,取缔民营企业准入行业上的限制性政策,畅通民营企业的融资渠道,改革现有的用地制度、税收制度,转换政府职能,对民营企业的健康、快速发展具有重要意义,这不仅关系到繁荣中国经济,完善社会主义市场经济体制,而且关系到具有中国特色的社会主义事业的发展。     

Income Distribution, Redistributive Politics, and Economic Growth

This article studies the political economy of inequality and growth by combining the political economy approach with an imperfect capital market assumption. In the present model, there emerges a class of individuals whose members do not invest privately beyond the state-financed schooling, due to their initial wealth constraint. We show that inequality affects private investment not only through the political effect, which relates inequality to private investment negatively, but also through what we call the threshold effect, which associates inequality to private investment positively. In general, private investment and inequality do not show a monotone negative relationship.     

Democracy,inequality and the environment when citizens can mitigate health consequences of pollution privately or act collectively

We study the political economy of the environment in autocratic, weak and strong democracies when individuals can mitigate the health consequences of domestic pollution privately as well as control pollution collectively through public policies. We consider a small open economy with comparative advantage in dirty goods. With costly private mitigation, income inequality leads to an unequal distribution of the burdens of pollution (in accordance with the evidence). We show that the eco-friendliness ranking of political regime types varies with the cost of private mitigation and that increased inequality has non-monotonous effects on equilibrium pollution levels. In weak democracies, the political equilibrium may be characterized by low environmental standards but highly restricted trade, thus leading to ambiguous outcomes regarding pollution levels.     

Oil booms and inequality in Iran

We study the response of income inequality to positive per capita oil and gas revenue shocks in Iran. Using historical data from 1973 to 2016 and vector autoregression (VAR) as well as vector error correction (VECM) model‐based impulse‐response functions, we find a positive and statistically significant response of income inequality to oil booms. We also explore possible channels through which oil booms may increase inequality, including private sector credit growth, construction investment, international trade (imports) and real economic output. We find that following an oil boom, higher imports, private sector credit growth, and real economic output can explain the increased income gap to a certain degree in Iran's oil‐based economy. Our analysis can help policymakers evaluate and accommodate the possible positive or negative effects of inequality in Iran resulting from the 2016 lifting of the embargo against the country.     

Labor Inflow Induced Wage Inequality and Public Infrastructure

By making use of a simple general equilibrium model of a small open economy, the author examines the link between labor mobility and the size of wage inequality in the presence of productive public infrastructure. The paper shows that the provision of public infrastructure plays an important part in determining the size of labor inflow induced wage inequality. Specifically, it shows that, irrespective of the relative factor intensities, a small inflow of either skilled or unskilled labor does not affect the size of wage inequality if private industries derive equal benefits from public infrastructure provision. A small inflow of skilled (unskilled) labor increases (decreases) wage inequality if skilled (unskilled) labor intensive industry derives more benefits from public infrastructure.     

Do dictatorships redistribute more?

This paper examines the effect of political institutions on fiscal redistribution for a country-level panel from 1960–2010. Using data on Gini coefficients before and after government intervention, we apply a measure of effective fiscal redistribution that reflects the effect of taxes and transfers on income inequality. Our findings clearly indicate that non-democratic regimes demonstrate significantly greater direct fiscal redistribution. Subsequently, we employ fiscal data in an attempt to enlighten this puzzling empirical finding. We find that dictatorial regimes rely more heavily on cash transfers that exhibit a direct impact on net inequality and consequently on the difference between market and net inequality (i.e., effective fiscal redistribution), whereas democratic regimes devote a larger amount of resources to public inputs (health and education) that may influence market inequality but not the difference between market and net inequality per se. We argue that the driving force behind the observed differences within the pattern on government spending and effective fiscal redistribution is that democratic institutions lead survival-oriented leaders to care more for the private market, and thus to follow policies that enhance the productivity of the whole economy.     

A utilitarian approach to the provision and pricing of excludable public goods

This paper studies utilitarian welfare maximization in a large economy with an excludable public good where individual preferences are private information. If inequality aversion is large, optimal allocations involve the use of admission fees and exclusion to redistribute resources from people who benefit a lot from the public good to people who benefit little. If inequality aversion is close to zero, optimal admission fees are zero. Because of inequality aversion, information rents of people who benefit a lot from the public good receive less weight, so optimal provision levels for the public good are below first-best levels.     

不同经济制度条件下的区域差异

在以私有制为基础的市场经济制度下,生产要素按回报最大化原则在区域间转移,结果导致区域差异的变化呈威廉逊所论的倒"U"型趋势。建立在公有制基础上的计划经济制度虽有一定的使区域差异趋同的机制,但效率损失较大,就中国经验而论,没能有效地导致区域差异缩小。在以公有制基础的市场经济制度条件下,由于地方国有的制度安排往往出现市场分割、生产要素难以按回报最大化原则在区域间转移,导致区域差异难以有效缩小。国有经济退出竞争性领域和建立统一市场是缩小区域差异的关键。     

An Economic Analysis of Public Transfers

This paper develops simple models of public transfers. The sources of income inequality are differences in ability and in luck. The government employs a redistribution policy that arises from altruistic motives in the case of ability differences. I consider the case where the government re-optimizes income transfers after it observes the outcome of private activities. When the source of income inequality is differences in luck, the economy creates a mutual insurance or provides public goods out of risk-sharing motives. I derive the paradoxical result that a more able individual would not enjoy higher welfare than a less able individual. I also investigate how public transfers react to increases in income level and income inequality.
JEL Classification Numbers: F21, F35.     

Educational systems,growth and income distribution: a quantitative study

This study sets out to develop a dynamic model within an economy characterized by the coexistence of public and private schools, under imperfect credit market conditions, in an attempt to provide a clearer understanding of the evolution of economic growth and income inequality. We find that any government wishing to reduce income inequality should adopt policies aimed at increasing the enrollment rate in public schools. However, whilst high enrollment rates can be sustained in private schools, and thus create enhanced economic growth, this can only occur if accompanied by the liberalization of the credit markets.