Financial distress of companies in Poland

The study examines main determinants of financial distress of companies in Poland during the recent transformation period. Data compose a sample of 1995–97 annual financial statements of 200 unlisted companies in Poland. Degree of financial distress is expressed either by the binomial variable or by the trinomial ordered variable. The attempted models (binomial and trinomial logit) explain the distress variable for 1997 by the financial indicators evaluated on the basis of financial statements from previous years. The results are sensitive to the choice of explanatory variables in the models. The forecast accuracy of the estimated models lies in the range of 80–90 percent. In the second half of the 1990's, the financial condition of companies in Poland was determined by the degree of liquidity, profitability, and the financial leverage variables.     

公司治理评价及其灰色关联分析

本文整合并完善了既有的各类公司治理评价系统,在此基础上构建了一个涵盖8个一级指标、34个二级指标以及122个三级指标的公司治理评价的一般指标体系;构建了一个公司治理评价的灰色关联模型,对公司治理灰色评价进行了模拟分析。该公司治理评价的一般指标体系与灰色关联模型能够为投资者与债权人的决策以及政府的监管提供有益的指导,并有利于上市公司进行科学决策与诊断控制。     

Non-standard methods in the privatization strategies of the Czech Republic,Hungary and Poland1

The Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland followed different strategies in the use of non-standard methods of privatization. In regard to restitution, the Czech Republic carried out physical return of property, Hungary weakly implemented financial compensation and Poland has not yet approved a programme. Management and employee buyouts were eschewed in the Czech Republic, took the form of employee stock ownership plans in Hungary and were accomplished chiefly by lease-purchase in Poland. The Czech mass privatization programme distributed a considerable amount of joint-stock company shares free through voucher auctions in which citizens participated directly or through financial intermediaries. In contrast, the Polish programme provided citizens free shares in investment trusts that exercise corporate governance over operating companies and restrure them for divestiture. Hungary's programme, which offered people only interest-free loans to buy some shares in intial public offerings, was abandoned soon after its start.     

ESG表现对企业财务绩效的影响研究

ESG已成为衡量企业表现的重要指标。研究企业ESG评级对企业绩效的影响,有利于激发企业的ESG意识,使企业积极承担ESG披露责任,弥合投资者与企业的信息不对称。构建固定效应模型,以2010—2020年A股上市公司为研究样本,对企业污染程度的异质性、企业性质、区域发展程度等进行进一步测试,考察企业ESG评级与企业财务业绩的关系及信息透明的机制效应。实证表明：(1)良好的ESG性能对企业业绩有直接的促进作用;(2)企业信息透明度为其机制;(3)ESG表现与企业绩效的关系受企业污染程度、企业性质、区域经济发展水平的影响,低污染、非国有、东部地区及非省会城市企业ESG评级更能显著提升企业绩效。根据以上结论,本文同时提供决策可借鉴的经验。     

金融控股公司的治理机制——基于金融控股公司运行特征的分析

金融控股公司运行的特殊性必然导致其利益主体的冲突性较其他企业更为激烈。受金融行业严格管制的影响,金融控股公司的外部治理机制受到削弱,内部治理机制在公司治理中的重要性则大大提升。严格的行业监管是对公司治理的一个有效补充,但在综合监管手段匮乏的情况下,应强化以提高市场透明度建设为目标的管理。     

Italian corporate governance:: Effects on financial structure and firm performance

The Italian model of corporate governance is characterised by a high degree of ownership concentration, both for unlisted and listed companies. In the absence of an institutional framework facilitating more dispersed ownership, as in the Anglo-Saxon countries, or mechanisms for financial supervision, as in some Continental European countries, a limited degree of separation between ownership and control is achieved mainly by using pyramidal groups. We analyse some of the effects of this organisational mode on firms' financial structure and efficiency. We report results on the effects of the limited protection of minority shareholders on the extent to which companies in pyramidal groups succeed in raising external finance and investigate how internal capital markets work in pyramidal groups. We also present some results on the relationship between firms' performance and governance structures.     

过程、结果维度的环境治理与企业财务绩效

目前国内外对于环境治理与企业财务绩效之间关系的研究,结论不一致且不能有效比较,可能是由于没有区分环境治理的不同维度,而高成本的环境治理过程与环境治理结果之间的关系尚不明确。本文基于2009—2017年A股公司年报手工搜集企业环境治理数据,基于权衡理论、自然资源理论和TLGT效应等,检验了环境治理过程和结果与企业财务绩效之间的非线性关系。结果发现:环境治理过程正向影响环境治理结果,而环境治理过程和结果两个维度都与企业财务绩效呈U型关系,较差的环境治理过程和结果均负向影响财务绩效,而较好的环境治理过程和结果均正向影响财务绩效,并且环境治理结果在环境治理过程和企业财务绩效之间发挥非线性中介作用。进一步检验发现,过程维度的环境治理仅通过成本效应路径影响财务绩效,而结果维度的环境治理同时通过成本效应路径和差异化效应路径影响财务绩效。本文基于中国的制度背景将环境治理划分为治理过程和治理结果两个维度,为企业环境治理与财务绩效之间的关系提供了经验证据,并对促进中国企业环境治理提供了一定启示。     

公司治理结构如何影响财务舞弊行为的实证研究

财务舞弊行为的产生有诸多原因,内部动因和外部诱因都有可能产生财务舞弊,就内部动因来说公司的治理结构显然起到了不容小觑的驱动作用,对于公司治理结构如何影响财务舞弊行为的研究是一个重要的课题。选取2009—2010年因财务舞弊而受到证监会、上交所和深交所行政处罚、通报批评和公开谴责的上市公司为样本,实证分析公司治理指标对财务舞弊的影响。分析结论是：加强对上市公司财务舞弊行为的监管和治理工作的重点应放在股权机构的合理化和提高董事会、监事会监督效率等方面。     

中国上市公司的治理改进:2002-2006

文章以2002年和2007年我国上市公司的自查报告为基础,选择了18个指标构建了公司治理指数,并以此对我国上市公司的治理状况及其5年间的改进程度进行了综合评价。结果显示,治理指数与公司价值显著正相关,治理指数每上升1点,公司价值约增加0.3个百分点;5年间上市公司的治理水平有明显改进,这种改善总体上会带来公司价值的提升,但这一结论存在一定的内生性。进一步研究表明,上述治理改进的效果是股东权利、董事会与监事会、公司独立性和内控与激励机制等治理机制共同作用的结果。文章还发现,公司风险程度、融资需求、外部市场化水平、兼并或借壳上市等公司特征在一定程度上驱动了上市公司的治理改进。     

民营上市公司治理存在的问题与对策

随着公司在数量上的日益增长,建立完善的资本市场已迫在眉睫。上市公司组成了资本市场,资本市场与上市公司的发展紧密相关,而公司治理则决定了上市公司的发展,如何治理好公司对发展资本市场至关重要。民营公司是市场经济发展的生力军,是国民经济的重要组成部分。文章针对我国民营上市公司治理存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

Reporting of Internal Control Weaknesses and Debt Rating Changes

This article examines the effect of corporate reporting of internal control weaknesses on debt rating changes. Bond rating agencies utilize (among other factors) financial statement information to assess a firm’s liquidity and long term solvency as important inputs in determining corporate debt rating. Reporting of internal control weaknesses increases the reliability and transparency risk of the financial statement information, which may lead rating agencies to revise corporate default risk. Our results indicate that reporting of internal control weaknesses is significantly associated with debt ratings after controlling for other firm specific factors. Specifically, these findings suggest that reporting of internal control weaknesses can result in downgrades of the firm’s outstanding debt.     

An Empirical Study on Corporate Governance and Market Valuation in China

This paper empirically studies the relationship between the governance mechanisms and the market valuation of publicly listed firms in China. The authors construct measures for corporate governance mechanisms and measures of market valuation for all publicly listed firms on the two stock markets in China by using data from the firm’s annual reports. They then investigate how the market-valuation variables are affected by the corporate governance variables while controlling for a number of factors commonly considered in market valuation analysis. A corporate governance index is also constructed to summarize the information contained in the corporate governance variables. The index is found to have statistically and economically significant effects on market valuation. The analysis indicates that investors pay a significant premium for well-governed firms in China, benefiting firms that improve their governance mechanisms. Translated from Economic Research Journal, 2005, 2 (in Chinese)     

董事会的功能范畴与功能定位——一个动态匹配框架及来自中国的经验证据

董事会具有两类不同性质的功能——本质功能和原生功能。董事会的本质功能反映了董事会是公司治理机制的组织结构保障,但现实中的董事会还有决策制定的原生功能,以及保护主要风险承担者利益的原生功能。同时,它们之间的动态匹配体现了不同的董事会功能定位。为证明这一观点,笔者对中国民营上市公司的面板数据进行了检验。实证研究发现,与财务困境公司相比而言,绩优公司董事会的功能定位更符合动态匹配的理论原则。     

上市公司外部审计制度变革

公司治理决定了审计制度,审计制度对公司治理又会起到积极作用,健全的审计制度可以促进公司治理的完善。以监事会为中心、以董事会为中心与以独立董事为中心的三种外部审计制度模式,可以重新构建上市公司内部治理框架,提高审计机制运行效率。     

经理层治理与企业竞争力的相关性研究——基于我国农业上市公司的数据检验

经理层治理是公司治理的核心内容之一,是公司治理与公司管理的连接纽带。农业上市公司的经理层治理能够有效地提高农业上市公司的竞争能力。借助于我国农业上市公司经理层治理的实践性数据,经验性的分析揭示我国农业上市公司经理层治理在企业竞争力改进过程中的微观路径机理,从而为我国农业上市公司加强经理层治理、提高公司的整体竞争能力提供了现实性的理论借鉴。农业上市公司经理层治理体系分为四个要素：聘任制度、执行保障、激励机制和约束机制。研究结果表明,聘任制度对我国农业上市公司竞争力的培育产生最为显著的促进功能,执行保障和约束机制产生了一定程度的促进功能,而激励机制的促进功能最弱。可见,经理层治理要素对我国农业上市公司竞争力的促进存在着差异性,因此,基于企业竞争力培育的目标,经理层治理的实施需要遵循一定的差异化策略。     

Selecting suitable compensation plans of executive stock options

Theoretical and empirical works have emphasized that executive stock option plans play an important role in compensation management and corporate governance owing to the incentives to increase firm stock price and volatility levels. This study not only proposes models of executive stock options and constructs value-matched financial variables for comparing the incentive effects towards these options, but also develops an empirical study exploring the characteristics of executive stock options and suitable compensation management for companies. This investigation examines the daily value and compares incentive effects of six kinds of executive stock options with the empirical data of TSMC, the world's largest dedicated semiconductor foundry, which is listed on the TSE and NYSE. Empirical results indicate that purchased options would be the best choice for companies that are unsuitable to undertake risky investments, while the relative indexed options are appropriate for bear markets and good for companies whose executives are highly risk averse. Repriceable options are not recommended due to their high costs and weak incentive effects.     

管理者信心与公司治理的有效性——基于我国上市公司管理者变更的经验证据

及时更换不称职的管理者是公司治理制度有效的重要标志。文章以2006-2008年沪深两市上市公司为研究对象,采用实证研究方法检验了公司治理参与主体的心理因素,管理者信心对其职位变更的影响。研究发现:管理者自信程度与因公司业绩欠佳导致的离职显著负相关,但在国有上市公司中,二者之间的关系并不显著;当公司所在地外部治理环境较差时,自信程度愈高的管理者愈可规避因业绩欠佳带来的离职风险。     

投资者关系管理与企业风险承担*

公司治理的功效不仅体现在提高企业经营业绩上，促进企业科学决策，合理进行风险控制，实现企业的长期稳定发展也同等重要。本文以2012—2017年我国沪深A股上市公司为样本，利用南京大学联合中国证监会开展的投资者关系管理状况调查，实证检验投资者关系管理对企业风险承担的影响。研究发现：（1）投资者关系管理越好的企业，企业承担的风险水平越低，表明投资者关系管理具有自主性治理效应，能抑制企业过多的风险性行为，从而有效降低企业所承担的风险水平。（2）投资者关系管理的这一治理效应在内部和外部监督机制薄弱的企业中更为显著，说明良好的投资者关系管理一定程度上能形成企业内外部监督机制的弥补，从而对企业所承担的风险产生治理作用。（3）投资者关系管理通过抑制企业过度负债和过度投资降低了企业所承担的风险水平，而与此同时，没有证据表明投资者关系管理导致了企业投资不足，从而带来投资效率的损失。（4）CEO财务背景和董秘专业能力的内部因素以及机构投资者调研、网络媒体平台开通的外部因素对于企业投资者关系管理水平具有显著的促进作用。     

投资者关系管理与企业风险承担

公司治理的功效不仅体现在提高企业经营业绩上,促进企业科学决策,合理进行风险控制,实现企业的长期稳定发展也同等重要。本文以2012—2017年我国沪深A股上市公司为样本,利用南京大学联合中国证监会开展的投资者关系管理状况调查,实证检验投资者关系管理对企业风险承担的影响。研究发现:(1)投资者关系管理越好的企业,企业承担的风险水平越低,表明投资者关系管理具有自主性治理效应,能抑制企业过多的风险性行为,从而有效降低企业所承担的风险水平。(2)投资者关系管理的这一治理效应在内部和外部监督机制薄弱的企业中更为显著,说明良好的投资者关系管理一定程度上能形成企业内外部监督机制的弥补,从而对企业所承担的风险产生治理作用。(3)投资者关系管理通过抑制企业过度负债和过度投资降低了企业所承担的风险水平,而与此同时,没有证据表明投资者关系管理导致了企业投资不足,从而带来投资效率的损失。(4)CEO财务背景和董秘专业能力的内部因素以及机构投资者调研、网络媒体平台开通的外部因素对于企业投资者关系管理水平具有显著的促进作用。     

Does corporate governance still affect firm performance after controlling the distress factor?

We explore the impact of corporate governance on firm performance. We first identify whether corporate governance can still be an influential factor or has been largely captured by the traditional Fama-French three-factor model. More importantly, our study adds a financial distress factor to the Fama-French three-factor model to form a four-factor pricing model (labelled as the ‘financial distress four-factor model’). We find that for the US Russell 1000 firms, the financial distress four-factor model is the better model of the two models considered. We further find that the financial distress four-factor model has a higher explanatory power in capturing the return variation. We find that the differences between the return of firms with good (weak) corporate governance and the expected return are insignificantly different from zero for most portfolios in all the two models. The financial distress four-factor model, however, has the fewer portfolios with return difference being significantly different from zero, implying that corporate governance has been better priced in the financial distress factor.