Prospects of changes in the total size and age composition of adults with disability in Russia

This article has considered an approach to forecasting the number and age–sex composition of disabled people aged 20 and older in Russia. The approach is based on hypotheses that connect the dynamics of disability level with mortality change scenarios in demographic projections. The results show that a decrease in the number of disabled people at ages up to 60 years and an increase in their number after the age 60 years, as well as an increase in disability prevalence among the population aged over 20 years due to demographic aging should be expected in the coming decades.     

Managing Change Or Coping With Conflict? - Mapping The Experience Of A Local Regeneration Partnership

Post May 1997 the conventional approaches to regeneration strategies in Britain have focused upon establishing local partnerships between - not only service providers and potential employers - but also local community-based groups. Neighbourhoods or 'localities'are now seen as the arenas within which coalitions of local interest groups meet to identify needs, to allocate resources and to engage with local communities. This paper will examine the assumptions behind such approaches and will explore the sites of conflict and the ways in which local managers attempt to reconcile differing aspirations and expectations. The paper draws upon a series of interviews with participants in regeneration initiatives in Manchester, and will suggest that regeneration managers occupy a significant place in arbitrating between different interest groups. In particular, the role of multi-agency working will be explored and the ways in which professionals (from a variety of occupations) seek to negotiate common terms of reference and understanding.     

残障人士旅游市场营销策略分析

残障人士是一个特殊的极具潜力的细分市场,但这个消费群体还未受到应有重视。本文通过分析残障人士的出游动机和出游特点,探讨了该目标市场的成长空间;通过SWOT分析,论证了开发残障人士旅游市场的必要性和可行性。笔者以海南海口市为例,结合当地旅游资源特征和残障人士的旅游需求特征,探讨了为残障人士设计定制化旅游产品的方法,并就促销手段和服务意识两方面提出了针对该细分市场的营销策略。     

The Contribution of Childcare to Local Employment: Poor Work or Work for the Poor?

In recent years local economic development and regeneration agencies have begun to examine how locally based childcare can contribute to economic and social regeneration. This paper is based on current research by the authors and reports on the expectations and current realities of community based childcare as part of an economic regeneration strategy. It suggests that whilst the incorporation of childcare into urban regeneration strategy holds the potential to reduce the barriers to labour market involvement by mothers in low income households, less positive effects are also identifiable. Early evaluation is used to show that the commodification of care within urban regeneration policies reinforces care work as low paid, insecure gendered employment. It concludes by arguing that a more critical evaluation of both the economic and social impact of childcare on area regeneration is necessary.     

The Newcastle employment bond: investing in local communities

Concern with social exclusion and neighbourhood renewal has often focused on economic regeneration and new ways of stimulating employment or self-employment in local economies. One recent initiative has been to raise private money through a bond with the social aim of creating local employment. This paper explores the Newcastle Employment Bond, its structure, the philosophy behind it and the motivations and expectations of the people and organisations who invested in it. The paper asks whether the Bond can be seen as a model of 'Third Way' thinking, providing an alternative to state funding of social exclusion and employment initiatives or reliance on purely profit-oriented economic regeneration.     

Discrimination by Gender and Disability Status: Do Worker Perceptions Match Statistical Measures?

We explore whether perceptions of discrimination are related to ordinary statistical measures. The majority of disabled respondents report feeling some discrimination due to their disability, the majority of women feel some discrimination because of their gender, and a surprising number of men also report some discrimination. We do not find a strong link between perceptions of discrimination and measured discrimination perhaps because those who perceive discrimination feel that it occurs along other dimensions than pay. However, we do find a connection between whether a person feels his or her income is inadequate and measured discrimination for all groups studied.     

Local labour market information on disability

This article considers recent policy developments impacting upon the need for up-to-date information relating to disabled people. In examining data provided by existing sources and requirements for additional information, it considers debates on definitions of disability and how definitions and the framing of questions determine the type and quality of information available. Attention is also given to ways of filling the major information gaps and potential areas of research.     

欠发达地区残疾人福利体系研究

残疾人是特殊的社会弱势群体,欠发达地区残疾人是弱势群体中的弱势群体。从"大福利"视角看,要加快欠发达地区残疾人福利体系的研究与建设,扩大残疾人福利范围,增加残疾人福利水平。我们认为,欠发达地区残疾人福利水平可以从生活救助、教育扶助、就业服务和康复服务四个维度来考量,只有通过建立残疾人事业的财政保障机制、明确政府和社会责任、充分发挥基层组织和志愿者的作用、提高残疾人自身的竞争力等措施才能保证欠发达地区残疾人福利体系的构建与推行。     

“Sent to Coventry?”

This paper reports on an employment training project undertaken in Coventry with partial funding from the European Social Fund. It involved community organisations, the community education section of the local authority and the university. The approach to training was developed in tandem with community capacity building aims. The partnership achieved a measure of trust, mutual accountability and open decision-making. The two-year project employed a part-time researcher whose role embraced active participation in project processes. There are lessons to be drawn for urban regeneration, whether strengthening local economies, attacking social exclusion or capacity building for people and their communities.     

Inward Investment and Economic Regeneration: Listening to Workers in Rhondda-Cynon-Taff

The paper presents the results of a two-year research study conducted in the Rhondda-Cynon-Taff local authority area of South Wales. The research focused on assessing the effect of the inward-investment strategy on local economic regeneration and local people's reaction to the policy. The paper reports survey questionnaire results and the interview responses of local employees. A summary of the recent employment history of the area is followed by a discussion of policies introduced to tackle unemployment. Local people express cynicism about foreign companies, suggesting that the grants they receive are more important to them than genuine commitment to the regeneration of the local economy. The feeling was expressed that the balance of funding priorities works against local entrepreneurs, while the concentration on 'foreign saviours' also undermines their confidence. The paper concludes by recommending several new approaches to tackling unemployment in RCT: focusing on Tower Colliery as a 'local champion'; emphasizing 'associative entrepreneurship' that prioritizes the needs of the community rather than the success of the individual; and introducing a Citizens' Income scheme to tackle the problem of economic inactivity.     

A step change or a step back? the thames gateway and the re-birth of the urban development corporations

The delivery of the government's Sustainable Communities: Building for the Future proposals in the Thames Gateway area will be spearheaded by two new Urban Development Corporations (UDCs). During the 1980s and 1990s, UDCs were at the forefront of property-led regeneration in Britain and their impacts were extremely controversial. For some they represented a necessary institutional form that successfully facilitated and delivered regeneration to areas with chronic social and economic problems. For others they embodied a broader Thatcherite programme that marginalised local authorities and local communities from the heart of development planning. This paper examines their reintroduction and compares and contrasts the new agencies with those that existed in earlier decades. It argues that although the new UDCs will have broadly similar powers, the political contexts in which they are being established differ markedly. They are now expected to embed themselves into regional and national strategic development agendas and work in development partnerships with local authorities and local communities. The paper outlines the possible political and practical impacts that they will have and what their emergence tells us about the nature of Labour's broader modernisation agendas for local governance.     

Differences in the Returns to Education for Males by Disability Status and Age of Disability Onset

We examine linkages between disability and the returns to education for males, incorporating the role that age of disability onset may play in these returns. Our analyses are based on the 1993 Panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation and exploit detailed information regarding productivity-related functional limitations. We estimate a three-state switching regression model that includes a Heckman-type employment correction. The coefficient estimates vary by disability status—early-onset disability, late-onset disability, and non-disabled. Our research contributes to the disability literature by providing details on the role that education may play in the lives of persons with disabilities, depending on the age at which the disability first manifests itself. Overall, we find that males who experience disability onset after reaching adulthood experience substantial wage returns to education, larger than the returns for the non-disabled population. The average wages of individuals with poor health or disability, regardless of age of onset, are below those of the non-disabled, however, so education may serve as a buffer to protect against potential negative wage effects of becoming disabled, but this “insurance” is not sufficient to close the gap.     

Localisation or mainstream bending in urban regeneration? European experience

Major uncertainties surround the appropriate response to unemployment and social polarisation within European cities. This paper discusses the rhetoric and reality of efforts to promote urban regeneration through local partnerships of various kinds. It focuses on the experience of cities facing some of the greatest challenges- Glasgow, Dublin and Duisburg. There are broad lessons to be learnt about the circumstances in which mainstream bending and localised initiatives are appropriate; how to establish effective local capacity; and the strengths and limitations of a purely “bottom-up” approach. Sam Aaronovitch was very interested in the problems facing European cities, in practical policies to overcome them and in comparative policy research of this kind. His use of the term multi-level regeneration helped to inspire this paper.     

Local Responses to Long-term Unemployment: Delivering Access to Employment in Edinburgh

This paper examines locally developed policy responses to long-term unemployment in the city of Edinburgh: a labour market characterised by relatively low-unemployment and generally high levels of demand. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with 115 long-term unemployed people residing in the city, the paper first analyses the complex combination of barriers to work faced by members of this client group. Two recent labour market initiatives, developed by the local authority in partnership with other public and third sector agencies and (in one case) major employers, are then discussed. It is suggested that this locally focused, partnership-based approach may provide a useful model for local policy responses to long-term unemployment, particularly in buoyant labour markets.     

Making the link. Childcare, employment and area regeneration

Urban regeneration practitioners continue to search for ways to target a larger share of local employment opportunities towards residents in regeneration areas. This paper explores the potential contribution that childcare projects can make in this area. By evaluating the impacts of an innovative childcare project in the East End of Glasgow, the paper shows that the employment situation of many of the users has been improved and that some owe their foothold in the labour market to the service provided. It concludes that childcare merits more attention as a targeting measure and an element in area regeneration strategies.     

Putting the social into urban regeneration policy

Urban regeneration is a policy area which has been dominated by property development and economic forces, and is therefore relatively ignored as an element of social policy. Social regeneration, meaning the improved and appropriate delivery of welfare services in poor neighbourhoods and the empowerment of local communities in regeneration processes, has never been a prominent feature. Social regeneration came briefly onto the policy agenda in the late 1960s and early 1970s but largely withered away in the welfare crisis and the Thatcherite decade. In recent years a revived movement for social regeneration has emerged, which is having some impact on policy. This article reviews the emergence of this movement and the changing policy contexts, arguing that practical and conceptual tools may now have been developed to support successful social regeneration.     

New Wine in Old Bottles? England's Parish and Town Councils and New Labour's Neighbourhood Experiment

This paper deals with English parish and town councils in the context of English local government reform. It explores their potential for community and local economic development and in fulfilling a role in neighbourhood government in the light of the current UK Government's declared intention of empowering neighbourhoods. There are some suggestions for the development of realistic 'grass roots' local government and examples of involvement in local area regeneration. It ends with some thoughts on legislation currently (June 2007) before Parliament, and in particular on their reception in London. Much of material on which this paper is based was gathered through project work undertaken for Defra, the Countryside Agency (now the Commission for Rural Communities) and the Society for Local Council Clerks, dealing, with variously, the capacity and democratic legitimacy of local councils and their relationship with principal authorities and other community and statutory agencies. Altogether, approximately 130 interviews were conducted with parish and town council councillors and clerks, officers and members of principal authorities, and officers of County Associations of Local Councils. A case study approach was adopted, covering a large number of English counties and the cities of Bradford and Milton Keynes.     

Bringing Britain Together? The limitations of area-based regeneration policies in addressing deprivation

This paper is concerned with the extent to which the new tranche of area-based policy initiatives from New Labour can address deprivation. We argue that such policies are likely to meet the failures of previous initiatives as they continue to simplify the complex processes underlying regeneration: they arbitrarily draw boundaries around regeneration areas; they represent a continuation of place commodification; and, they continue to represent accountability structures which rest with statutory bodies rather than the community. Without reinventing the wheel, urban policy needs to revisit conventional wisdom relating to territorial development: namely, that local regeneration is determined by factors inside and outside particular localities.     

From Coal Mines to Culture - Utilising Economic Regeneration to Maximise Economic Inclusion

Gateshead Council has, in the last 10 years, perfected a mechanism for ensuring that social economic inclusion is at the core of capital regeneration schemes. The development of Gateshead Quays has led to the introduction of a targeted training and recruitment programme that has been refined and adapted to suit the needs of employers and represent the opening up of employment opportunities for local unwaged and unemployed people. This programme has been utilised to create real jobs for local people.     

我国人口深度老龄化与老年照护服务需求发展趋势

基于我国人口结构发展趋势预测,2022年我国老龄化率将达到14%,进入深度老龄化社会;到2030年前后老龄化率将达到20%,进入超级老龄化社会。随着人口老龄化和老年人口高龄化不断上升,我国失能半失能老人规模及其比例将由2020年的4564万人和17.11%上升到2030年的6953万人和17.44%,至2050年进一步上升到12606万人和22%。失能半失能老人规模的快速扩大,将引发老年照护服务需求激增,按照90%失能半失能老人由家庭照护、10%由机构照护估算,照护机构护工需求将由2020年的33.8万人增加到2030年的52.2万人和2050年的101万人。考虑到家庭小型化趋势和“421”家庭普遍化趋势,未来由社区、家政、养老机构和医疗护理机构提供照护服务的失能半失能老人比例将会不断提高,老年照护所需护工的规模还会成倍增加,当前的护理人才教育培训机制远不能满足未来老年照护服务的需求。满足未来规模不断扩大、质量要求不断提高的多层次照护服务需求,亟须健全基本养老服务体系,大力发展多元化老年照护服务体系,切实做好护理人才中长期培育发展规划,不断完善老年健康服务体系。