The Construction of Input–Output Coefficients Matrices in an Axiomatic Context: Some Further Considerations

Kop Jansen & ten Raa (1990) established a purely theoretical solution to the problem of selecting a model for the construction of coefficients on the basis of make and use tables. In an axiomatic context, they singled out the so-called commodity technology model as the best one according to some desirable properties. The aim of this paper is to delineate the restrictions on the relevant data sets that ensure fulfilment of the desirable properties by other models used by statistical offices.     

WHITHER PANAMA? CONSTRUCTING A CONSISTENT AND BALANCED WORLD SUT SYSTEM INCLUDING INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND TRANSPORT MARGINS

This paper extends work done within the World Input–Output Database project (WIOD), which compiled supply and use tables (SUTs) for 40 countries, covering about 85% of the world economy, by adding SUTs for the “rest of the world” (RoW), the approximately 15% of the world economy not covered by the 40 countries included in the WIOD database, ensuring a consistent and balanced world SUT system. The term “consistency” means that at the world level, all flows of goods and services balance, properly accounting for trade and transport services used in international trade (the “cif-fob difference”). This results in SUTs for the RoW which, together with bilateral trade matrices for all commodities (and together with the 40 national SUTs from the WIOD project), describe a consistent SUT system at the world level.     

Use Tables for Imported Goods and Valuation Matrices for Trade Margins— an Integrated Approach for the Compilation of the Belgian 1995 Input–Output Tables

This paper describes the compilation of the use table for imported goods and the valuation matrix of trade margins for Belgium in 1995. It introduces the methodological novelty of integrating the compilation of both tables and systematically exploiting the fact that large import and export flows do not generate trade margins. This is notably the case for direct imports for intermediate consumption or investment by non-traders, and direct exports by producers. For identifying these trade flows, extensive use was made of intrastat and extrastat data. The results are compared with those of a proportional distribution of imports and trade margins. Many statistical offices resort to the latter approach because of a lack of survey data on the destination of trade margins and imports. We demonstrate that the integrated approach can improve the quality of both the import matrix and the valuation matrix for trade margins, while using only existing data sources.     

Incorporating data quality improvement into supply–use table balancing

This paper investigates the benefits of using a boundary tightening algorithm to improve the quality of the data used in supply and use table (SUT) balancing, building on similarities with certain approaches to statistical disclosure control. Boundary tightening was shown to significantly improve the quality of the finally balanced SUTs well beyond that of existing techniques. Most notably, improvements occurred when boundary tightening was applied prior to the balancing process – showing that it can be used as a valuable preliminary to other approaches. It also multiplied the improvement in SUTs quality when more accurate updated information was added to the SUTs. The findings of this paper strongly suggest that this boundary tightening algorithm will improve the quality of the output of the balancing process and it is equally likely to be useful when applied to other processes that handle uncertain data.     

ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BASED ON RECTANGULAR SUPPLY-USE TABLES

This paper formalises the so-called Supply-Use Based Econometric (SUBE) approach that allows for the introduction of econometric analysis in the calculation of backward input–output multipliers of the Leontief-type quantity model, using rectangular supply and use tables. The SUBE approach does not require any kind of inverse matrix and incorporates the traditional approach (with square supply-use tables) as a particular case. The empirical analysis shows that the SUBE carbon dioxide multipliers for the EU27 are considerably lower than those obtained by the traditional Leontief inverse. In an application of the SUBE approach, the European economy appears to emit about 10% less carbon dioxide than in a situation in which it would not import any intermediate inputs from outside the EU27.     

Modeling the demand and supply in a new B2B-upstream market using a knowledge updating process

Business-to-Business (B2B) services companies invest heavily in acquiring very expensive assets that they hire out to serve their clients (e.g. UPS buys huge warehouses and hires them out to companies), and hence they engage in careful long-term planning and forecasting, especially when it concerns a new market. It is interesting to note that the client-firms, on the other hand, decide to hire those assets based mostly on the prevailing short-term market forces. Hence, it is important for the companies which provide the assets for hire to also build the prevailing short-term market trends into their long-term forecasting and planning. In this paper, we develop a model for tracking these two simultaneously evolving and interacting patterns, namely the asset-availability (i.e. supply) and utilization (i.e. demand) patterns, in order to better understand the underlying processes, and thereby provide a basis for better forecasting. We test our models using three sets of data collected from the oil drilling industry, and find the proposed model to provide a good fit and forecasting efficiency.     

MTBE行业供需现状及市场前景

近年来在汽油高标号需求大幅增长的推动下,国内MTBE产量随着产能大幅增长,但仍未能满足国内MTBE的需求,MTBE市场整体呈现"供不应求"局面,依靠部分进口资源填补国内的空缺。后期随着国内汽油质量的不断升级及调和技术的不断成熟,MTBE用于调和的量将会不断增多。另外MTBE用于化工各行业存在生产高技术含量、附加值高、需求稳定,今后对MTBE的消费量将会有较大的增加,具有较好的市场前景。     

Mixing oil and water? Using hybrid input-output tables in a Structural decomposition analysis

Input-output studies of energy use frequently adopt the so-called hybrid table, where the rows corresponding to energy sectors are in energy units rather than in monetary units. However, we show that, in structural decomposition analyses, this hybrid approach may induce arbitrary results that depend on the choice of units, rather than on changes in economic structure. This is because an economically meaningless sum of monetary and energy units enters the calculations. Our proposed solution to this problem is based on using a sum of monetary units instead, thus avoiding this attempt to mix oil and water.     

Identifying hubs and spokes in global supply chains using redirected trade in value added

The increasing importance of global supply chains has prompted the use of analytical tools based on trade in value added – instead of traditional measures in gross value. We use this analytical framework to develop indicators that identify production hubs and supply spokes in global supply chains. Using these indicators and the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database, we quantify the relative importance of redirected value-added trade and the hub and spoke relationships at the aggregate level and for specific highly integrated industries.     

FROM INPUT–OUTPUT TABLES TO SUPPLY-AND-USE TABLES

In 1991, Statistics Netherlands introduced the supply-and-use tables as part of the national accounts. Since then, the supply-and-use tables have been the main statistics on the production structure of the Dutch economy. They form the basis from which input–output tables are derived. The time series of supply-and-use tables starts in 1987. However, there is a need for a time series since 1970 because benchmark revisions of the Dutch national accounts would become far easier if such time series were available. Therefore, a method has been developed to derive supply-and-use tables from existing input–output tables. This article presents the algorithm.     

THE CHOICE OF MODEL IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF INDUSTRY COEFFICIENTS MATRICES

Kop Jansen and ten Raa's (1990) characterization of product-by-product input–output tables was adopted by the United Nations (1993). Recent OECD and several EU funded projects, however, used industry-by-industry tables, which raises comparable issues concerning their construction. We show how their two main construction models are instances of the transfer principle, with alternative assumptions on the variation of input–output coefficients across product markets. We augment the theory by formulating desirable properties for industry tables and investigate the so-called fixed product and fixed industry sales structure models, which are used by statistical institutes. The fixed industry sales structure model is shown to be superior from an axiomatic point of view.     

The relationship between drug use and labor supply for young men

This paper examines the relationship between young men's hours worked and their use of marijuana, alcohol, cigarettes, cocaine, and other drugs using cross-section data from the 1991 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), a nationally representative survey of the U.S. noninstitutionalized population age 12 and over. Our results indicate that substance use has little effect on the number of hours worked by young men in the past month, with the exception that young men who smoked 1 to 3 marijuana joints in the last month worked 42 more hours than nonusers. To assess the robustness of our 1991 results, we re-estimated identical models using data from the 1992 NHSDA, an independent cross-section that was collected using the same methodology as the 1991 survey. Comparing the 1991 and 1992 results, the 1992 data also show that substance use has little relationship overall to the number of hours worked. However, in contrast to the 1991 results, the 1992 results show that smoking 1 to 3 marijuana joints in the last month is associated with 41 fewer hours worked than nonusers. This paper is the first study to assess the robustness of drug use–labor supply results on adjacent cross sections. Our results demonstrate the value of re-estimating the drug use–labor supply relationship.     

SIMULTANEOUSLY BALANCING SUPPLY–USE TABLES AT CURRENT AND CONSTANT PRICES: A NEW PROCEDURE

According to the 1993 System of National Accounts, the annual Supply–Use Tables (SUTs) need to be compiled at both current and constant prices by the National Institutes of Statistics. The most appropriate way to obtain consistent SUTs at both current and constant prices is to balance them simultaneously but, in this case, the main complexity is the nonlinearity that inevitably occurs. This paper proposes a new method to balance extremely large sets of National Accounts simultaneously at current and constant prices. The distinctive features of the proposed balancing method are its flexibility, which is very high compared with the other methods in the literature, and its capability to allow the control of the consistency of the system of deflators that are used. This new balancing method has been applied to balance the Italian 2006 SUTs simultaneously at current and constant prices, and it has yielded very good outcomes.     

Assessment of European Use tables at basic prices and valuation matrices in the absence of official data

Input–Output modellers are often faced with the task of estimating missing Use tables at basic prices and also valuation matrices of the individual countries. This paper examines a selection of estimation methods applied to the European context where the analysts are not in possession of superior data. The estimation methods are restricted to the use of automated methods that would require more than just the row and column sums of the tables (as in projections) but less than a combination of various conflicting information (as in compilation). The results are assessed against the official Supply, Use and Input–Output tables of Belgium, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Finland, Austria and Slovakia by using matrix difference metrics. The main conclusion is that using the structures of previous years usually performs better than any other approach.     

论丰和新城小区的给排水建设管理

随着时代的发展和城市化进程的加快,新开发的楼盘越来越多,而房地产开发中的管理是楼盘品质高低的关键所在,本文就房地产开发中小区的给排水建设在各种材料设备的选择、施工管理、成本节约、质量保障、投入使用安全、后期物业管理方便等多方面进行探讨。